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An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
Testaments
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1 New edition revised and enlarged AD 1910 42A4EA51-7D4B-4542-A90B-AD6B8E5B43DD
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1.1 Internet Archive AD 2025 6B597243-1E01-4F74-A65A-AAC1D5927D2D[blank]
<pb n="1"/> <gap reason="blank"/>37387000453819<pb n="2"/> <space dim="vertical" quantity="30.4776" unit="em"/> <note type="provenance" rend="align(center) sans-serif" style="font-size:1.4902em;line-height:1;margin-block-start:29.233em;letter-spacing:-0.1em"><num value="37387000453819">37387000453819</num><lb/></note>AN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARYOF THEENGLISH LANGUAGEThis book is a gift toSouthern Evangelical SeminaryFrom Dr. William E. Nix<pb n="3"/> <note type="provenance" place="top" style="border-style:solid;inline-size:30.71em;margin-inline-start:8.09em;margin-block-end:-15.03em;padding-block-start:2.76em;padding-block-end:2.67em"> <p rend="align(center) italic color(blue)" style="font-size:1.0444em;line-height:1">This book is a gift to<lb/></p> <p rend="align(center) color(blue)" style="font-size:1.6413em;line-height:1.05;margin-block-start:0.78em"><orgName>Southern Evangelical Seminary</orgName><lb/></p> <p rend="align(center) color(blue)" style="font-size:1.313em;line-height:1.1;margin-block-start:0.988em">From<lb/> <persName>Dr. William E. Nix</persName><lb/></p> </note> <space dim="vertical" quantity="27.2116" unit="em"/> <titlePage> <docTitle rend="align(center)"> <titlePart type="main" rend="align(center)" rendition="#size-1 #leading-1"> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi style="letter-spacing:0.094em;word-spacing:0.3em" rendition="#size-5 #leading-5"><w lemma="an" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">AN</w> <w lemma="etymological" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">ETYMOLOGICAL</w> <w lemma="dictionary" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">DICTIONARY</w></hi><lb/> <space dim="vertical" quantity="3.138" unit="em"/> <hi style="letter-spacing:0.175em;word-spacing:0.3em" rendition="#size-1 #leading-1"><w lemma="of" type="preposition">OF</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w></hi><lb/> <space dim="vertical" quantity="3.138" unit="em"/> <hi style="letter-spacing:0.094em;word-spacing:0.3em" rendition="#size-5 #leading-5"><w lemma="English" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">ENGLISH</w> <w lemma="language" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">LANGUAGE</w></hi></s><lb/> </titlePart> </docTitle> </titlePage>HENRY FROWDE, M.A.Master of Arts publisher to the university of oxford london, edinburgh, new york toronto and melbourne<pb n="4"/> <space dim="vertical" quantity="31.6342" unit="em"/> <p rend="align(center)" rendition="#size-2 #leading-2"> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi style="letter-spacing:0.148em" rendition="#size-2 #leading-2"><persName><w lemma="Henry" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">HENRY</w> <w lemma="Frowde" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">FROWDE</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="master of arts" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>M.A.</abbr><expan>Master of Arts</expan></choice></w></hi><lb/> <hi rend="smallcaps" style="letter-spacing:0.026em;word-spacing:0.15em" rendition="#size-1 #leading-1"><w lemma="publisher" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">publisher</w> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">to</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <orgName><w lemma="university" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">university</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <placeName><w lemma="Oxford" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">oxford</w></placeName></orgName></hi><lb/> <hi rend="smallcaps" style="letter-spacing:0.084em;word-spacing:0.15em" rendition="#size-1 #leading-1"><placeName><w lemma="London" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">london</w></placeName><pc>,</pc> <placeName><w lemma="Edinburgh" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">edinburgh</w></placeName><pc>,</pc> <placeName><w lemma="New" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">new</w> <w lemma="York" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">york</w></placeName><lb/> <placeName><w lemma="Toronto" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">toronto</w></placeName> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <placeName><w lemma="Melbourne" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">melbourne</w></placeName></hi></s><lb/> </p>AN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGEBY THE REV.Reverend WALTER W. SKEAT, LITT.D.Doctor of Letters, D.C.L.Doctor of Civil Law, LL.D.Doctor of Laws, PH.D.Doctor of Philosophy, F.B.A.Fellow of the British Academy ELRINGTON AND BOSWORTH PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE AND FELLOW OF CHRIST’S COLLEGENEW EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED‘Step after step the ladder is ascended.’GEORGE HERBERT, Jacula Prudentum.‘Labour with what zeal we will,Something still remains undone.’LONGFELLOW, Birds of Passage.OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1910This is the property of Southern Evangelical Seminary 3000 Tilley Morris Rd.Road, Matthews, NC 28105<pb n="5"/> <titlePage> <docTitle rend="align(center)"> <titlePart type="main" rend="align(center)"> <bibl xml:id="bibl-3" xml:lang="eng" type="dictionary"><title><s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi rend="spaced smaller"><w lemma="an" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">AN</w></hi><lb/> <hi rend="larger"><w lemma="etymological" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">ETYMOLOGICAL</w> <w lemma="dictionary" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">DICTIONARY</w></hi><lb/> <hi rend="spaced smaller"><w lemma="of" type="preposition">OF</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w></hi><lb/> <hi rend="larger"><w lemma="English" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">ENGLISH</w> <w lemma="language" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">LANGUAGE</w></hi></s><lb/></title></bibl> </titlePart> </docTitle> <space dim="vertical" quantity="3" unit="lines"/> <byline rend="align(center)"> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi rend="spaced smaller"><w lemma="by" type="preposition">BY</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w></hi></s><lb/> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><docAuthor><w lemma="reverend" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos"><choice><abbr>REV.</abbr><expan>Reverend</expan></choice></w> <persName><w lemma="Walter" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">WALTER</w> <w lemma="W" type="letter">W</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="Skeat" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">SKEAT</w></persName></docAuthor><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="Litt.D." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>L<hi rend="smallcaps">ITT</hi>.D.</abbr><expan>Doctor of Letters</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="D.C.L." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>D.C.L.</abbr><expan>Doctor of Civil Law</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="LL.D." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>LL.D.</abbr><expan>Doctor of Laws</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="Ph.D." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>P<hi rend="smallcaps">H</hi>.D.</abbr><expan>Doctor of Philosophy</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="F.B.A." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>F.B.A.</abbr><expan>Fellow of the British Academy</expan></choice></w></s><lb/> <hi rend="smallcaps smaller"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="Elrington" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">ELRINGTON</w> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">AND</w> <w lemma="Bosworth" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">BOSWORTH</w> <w lemma="professor" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">PROFESSOR</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">OF</w> <w lemma="Anglo-Saxon" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">ANGLO-SAXON</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">IN</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w> <orgName><w lemma="university" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">UNIVERSITY</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">OF</w> <placeName><w lemma="Cambridge" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">CAMBRIDGE</w></placeName></orgName><lb/> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">AND</w> <w lemma="fellow" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">FELLOW</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">OF</w> <orgName><w lemma="Christ's" type="proper_noun" msd="Case=Gen|Number=Sing">CHRIST’S</w> <w lemma="college" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">COLLEGE</w></orgName></s></hi><lb/> </byline> <space dim="vertical" quantity="3" unit="lines"/> <docEdition rend="align(center)"> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi rend="spaced smaller"><w lemma="new" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">NEW</w> <w lemma="edition" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">EDITION</w> <w lemma="revise" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">REVISED</w> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">AND</w> <w lemma="enlarge" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">ENLARGED</w></hi></s><lb/> </docEdition> <space dim="vertical" quantity="3" unit="lines"/> <epigraph rend="align(center) smaller"> <cit> <quote> <lg> <l rend="align(left)"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><pc>‘</pc><w lemma="step" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Step</w> <w lemma="after" type="preposition">after</w> <w lemma="step" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">step</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="ladder" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">ladder</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="ascend" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">ascended</w><pc>.</pc><pc>’</pc></s><lb/></l> </lg> </quote> <bibl xml:id="bibl-1" xml:lang="eng" type="poem" rend="align(right)"><s type="citation" ana="#autonomy-0"><author><persName><hi rend="smallcaps"><w lemma="George" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">GEORGE</w> <w lemma="Herbert" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">HERBERT</w></hi></persName></author><pc>,</pc> <title xml:lang="lat"><hi rend="italic"><w lemma="jaculum" type="noun" xml:lang="lat" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Plur">Jacula</w> <w lemma="prudens" type="adjective" xml:lang="lat" msd="Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur">Prudentum</w></hi></title><pc>.</pc></s><lb/></bibl> </cit> </epigraph> <epigraph rend="align(center) smaller"> <cit> <quote> <lg> <l rend="align(left)"><s part="I" ana="#autonomy-0"><pc>‘</pc><w lemma="labour" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">Labour</w> <w lemma="with" type="preposition">with</w> <w lemma="what" type="determiner" msd="PronType=Int">what</w> <w lemma="zeal" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">zeal</w> <w lemma="we" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs">we</w> <w lemma="will" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">will</w><pc>,</pc></s><lb/></l> <l rend="align(left) indent(1)"><s part="F"><w lemma="something" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Ind">Something</w> <w lemma="still" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">still</w> <w lemma="remain" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">remains</w> <w lemma="undone" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">undone</w><pc>.</pc><pc>’</pc></s><lb/></l> </lg> </quote> <bibl xml:id="bibl-2" xml:lang="eng" type="poem" rend="align(right)"><s type="citation" ana="#autonomy-0"><author><persName><hi rend="smallcaps"><w lemma="Longfellow" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">LONGFELLOW</w></hi></persName></author><pc>,</pc> <title><hi rend="italic"><w lemma="bird" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">Birds</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="passage" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Passage</w></hi></title><pc>.</pc></s><lb/></bibl> </cit> </epigraph> <space dim="vertical" quantity="6" unit="lines"/> <docImprint rend="align(center)"> <pubPlace><hi rend="spaced smaller"><w lemma="Oxford" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">OXFORD</w></hi></pubPlace><lb/> <publisher><hi rend="spaced"><w lemma="at" type="preposition">AT</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w> <w lemma="Clarendon" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">CLARENDON</w> <w lemma="press" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">PRESS</w></hi></publisher><lb/> <docDate when="1910"><hi rend="smaller"><w lemma="1910" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">1910</w></hi></docDate><lb/> </docImprint> </titlePage> <note type="provenance" rend="align(center)"> <stamp rend="color(blue)"> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="this" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Dem">This</w> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="property" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">property</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w><lb/> <orgName><hi rend="larger"><w lemma="Southern" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Southern</w> <w lemma="Evangelical" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Evangelical</w> <w lemma="Seminary" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Seminary</w></hi></orgName></s><lb/> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi rend="smaller"><w lemma="3000" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">3000</w> <w lemma="Tilley" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Tilley</w> <w lemma="Morris" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Morris</w> <w lemma="road" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>Rd.</abbr><expan>Road</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <placeName><w lemma="Matthews" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Matthews</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="NC" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">NC</w></placeName> <w lemma="28105" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">28105</w></hi></s><lb/> </stamp> </note>OXFORD printed at the clarendon press by horace hart, m.a.Master of Arts printer to the universityRefReference PE1580 .S5 1910<pb n="6"/> <note type="provenance" place="margin-left" rend="align(left) script color(gray)" style="font-size:1.335em;line-height:1.35;margin-inline-end:-0.66em;margin-block-start:-2.08em"> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="reference" type="noun"><choice><abbr>Ref</abbr><expan>Reference</expan></choice></w><lb/> <w lemma="PE" type="noun">PE</w><num value="1580"><w lemma="1580" type="number" msd="NumType=Card">1580</w></num><lb/> <pc>.</pc><w lemma="S5" type="noun" cert="medium">S5</w><lb/> <num value="1910"><w lemma="1910" type="number" msd="NumType=Card">1910</w></num></s><lb/> </note> <space dim="vertical" quantity="31.645" unit="em"/> <titlePage> <docImprint rend="align(center)" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"> <pubPlace><hi style="letter-spacing:0.083em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><w lemma="Oxford" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">OXFORD</w></hi></pubPlace><lb/> <hi rend="smallcaps" style="letter-spacing:0.03em;word-spacing:0.15em" rendition="#size-2 #leading-2"><w lemma="print" type="participle" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">printed</w> <w lemma="at" type="adposition">at</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <orgName><w lemma="Clarendon" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">clarendon</w> <w lemma="Press" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">press</w></orgName><lb/> <w lemma="by" type="adposition">by</w> <persName><w lemma="Horace" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">horace</w> <w lemma="Hart" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">hart</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="Master of Arts" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>m.a.</abbr><expan>Master of Arts</expan></choice></w><lb/> <w lemma="printer" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">printer</w> <w lemma="to" type="adposition">to</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <orgName><w lemma="University" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">university</w></orgName></hi><lb/> </docImprint> </titlePage>CONTENTS.
PAGE Preface to the New and Revised Edition . . . . . . vii Preface to the First Edition . . . . . . . . viii Preface to the Second Edition . . . . . . . . xvi Preface to the Third Edition . . . . . . . . xvii Brief Notes (Revised) upon the Languages cited in the Dictionary . . xviii Canons for Etymology . . . . . . . . . xxviii List of Books consulted . . . . . . . . . xxx Key to the General Plan . . . . . . . . xlii DICTIONARY OF ETYMOLOGIES . . . . . . . 1 APPENDIX: I. List of Prefixes . . . . . . . 732 II. Suffixes . . . . . . . . 736 III. List of Homonyms . . . . . . . 737 IV. List of Doublets . . . . . . . 748 V. List of Indogermanic Roots . . . . . 751 VI. Distribution of Words according to the Languages from which they are derived . . . . . 761 SUPPLEMENT . . . . . . . . . . 777 <pb n="7"/> <space dim="vertical" quantity="9.2568" unit="em"/> <head rend="align(center)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.191em" rendition="#size-4 #leading-4">CONTENTS.<lb/></head> <table type="contents"> <row role="label"> <cell cols="3"/> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.08em" rendition="#size-2 #leading-2 #gap-2">PAGE<lb/></p></cell> </row> <row> <cell cols="3"><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><hi rend="smallcaps">Preface to the New and Revised Edition</hi> <pc style="letter-spacing:1.21em">. . . . . .</pc><lb/></p></cell> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">vii<lb/></p></cell> </row> <row> <cell cols="3"><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><hi rend="smallcaps">Preface to the First Edition</hi> <pc style="letter-spacing:1.21em">. . . . . . . .</pc><lb/></p></cell> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">viii<lb/></p></cell> </row> <row> <cell cols="3"><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><hi rend="smallcaps">Preface to the Second Edition</hi> <pc style="letter-spacing:1.21em">. . . . . . . .</pc><lb/></p></cell> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">xvi<lb/></p></cell> </row> <row> <cell cols="3"><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><hi rend="smallcaps">Preface to the Third Edition</hi> <pc style="letter-spacing:1.21em">. . . . . . . .</pc><lb/></p></cell> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">xvii<lb/></p></cell> </row> <row> <cell cols="3"><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><hi rend="smallcaps">Brief Notes (Revised) upon the Languages cited in the Dictionary</hi> <pc style="letter-spacing:1.21em">. .</pc><lb/></p></cell> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">xviii<lb/></p></cell> </row> <row> <cell cols="3"><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><hi rend="smallcaps">Canons for Etymology</hi> <pc style="letter-spacing:1.21em">. . . . . . . . .</pc><lb/></p></cell> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">xxviii<lb/></p></cell> </row> <row> <cell cols="3"><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><hi rend="smallcaps">List of Books consulted</hi> <pc style="letter-spacing:1.21em">. . . . . . . . .</pc><lb/></p></cell> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">xxx<lb/></p></cell> </row> <row> <cell cols="3"><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><hi rend="smallcaps">Key to the General Plan</hi> <pc style="letter-spacing:1.21em">. . . . . . . .</pc><lb/></p></cell> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">xlii<lb/></p></cell> </row> <row> <cell cols="3"><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">DICTIONARY OF ETYMOLOGIES <pc style="letter-spacing:1.21em">. . . . . . .</pc><lb/></p></cell> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">1<lb/></p></cell> </row> <row> <cell><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em;inline-size:6.25em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">APPENDIX:<lb/></p></cell> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em;inline-size:1.375em;margin-inline-end:1.1616em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">I.<lb/></p></cell> <cell><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><hi rend="smallcaps">List of Prefixes</hi> <pc style="letter-spacing:1.21em">. . . . . . .</pc><lb/></p></cell> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">732<lb/></p></cell> </row> <row> <cell/> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em;inline-size:1.375em;margin-inline-end:1.1616em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">II.<lb/></p></cell> <cell><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><hi rend="smallcaps">Suffixes</hi> <pc style="letter-spacing:1.21em">. . . . . . . .</pc><lb/></p></cell> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">736<lb/></p></cell> </row> <row> <cell/> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em;inline-size:1.375em;margin-inline-end:1.1616em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">III.<lb/></p></cell> <cell><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><hi rend="smallcaps">List of Homonyms</hi> <pc style="letter-spacing:1.21em">. . . . . . .</pc><lb/></p></cell> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">737<lb/></p></cell> </row> <row> <cell/> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em;inline-size:1.375em;margin-inline-end:1.1616em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">IV.<lb/></p></cell> <cell><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><hi rend="smallcaps">List of Doublets</hi> <pc style="letter-spacing:1.21em">. . . . . . .</pc><lb/></p></cell> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">748<lb/></p></cell> </row> <row> <cell/> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em;inline-size:1.375em;margin-inline-end:1.1616em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">V.<lb/></p></cell> <cell><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><hi rend="smallcaps">List of Indogermanic Roots</hi> <pc style="letter-spacing:1.21em">. . . . .</pc><lb/></p></cell> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">751<lb/></p></cell> </row> <row> <cell/> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em;inline-size:1.375em;margin-inline-end:1.1616em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">VI.<lb/></p></cell> <cell><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><hi rend="smallcaps">Distribution of Words according to the Languages from</hi><lb/> </p><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em;margin-inline-start:2.0531em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><hi rend="smallcaps">which they are derived</hi> <pc style="letter-spacing:1.21em">. . . . .</pc><lb/></p></cell> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">761<lb/></p></cell> </row> <row> <cell cols="3"><p style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.05em;word-spacing:0.1em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">SUPPLEMENT <pc style="letter-spacing:1.21em">. . . . . . . . . .</pc><lb/></p></cell> <cell><p rend="align(right)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3">777<lb/></p></cell> </row> </table>[blank]<pb n="8"/> <gap reason="blank"/>PREFACE TO THE NEW AND REVISED EDITION
It is now more than a quarter of a century since the first edition of the present work was published. It was hardly possible for me to ascertain, at that date, that the time of its publication was not a very favourable one ; it would, perhaps, have been better to have deferred its appearance for a few years, owing to the great advances that were being made, just at that period, in the methods of comparative philology. The whole system of estimating the vowel-sounds has since been com-pletely reconsidered, and the history of their phonetic values, in particular, is now regarded in a very different light.The chief writers on philology of that period, notably Curtius, Fick, Schleicher, and Vaniček agreed in the view, now known to be erroneous, that the primitive IndogermanicIndo-Germanic language had but three short primary vowels, viz.videlicet a, i, and u. This strange theory (for such we should now consider it) arose from the fact that the short primary vowels really were reduced to these three both in Gothic, which was justly regarded as being, upon the whole, the most primitive of the Teutonic (or Germanic) languages, and in Sanskrit, which was likewise known to possess many characteristics of extreme antiquity. But it is now recognized that more than half of the IndogermanicIndo-Germanic languages retain a primitive e, whilst just half of them retain a primitive o ; so that the number of primary short vowels was really five, viz.videlicet a, e, i, o, u. The primitive form corresponding to the Gk.Greek -τε, L.Latin -que, Skt.Sanskrit cha, signifying ‘and,’ must have been *que, rather than *qua, because the Skt.Sanskrit ch is a palatal sound, due to the palatal vowel e, which once followed it. In other words, the Skt.Sanskrit cha was once *che.The advance due to the following up of this discovery (for it was nothing less) has been very considerable. The whole subject has been thoroughly revised, and the results are fully exhibited in the Comparative Grammar of the IndogermanicIndo-Germanic Languages by Karl Brugmann ; as well as in the special German, Dutch, and Danish Etymological Dictionaries by Kluge, Franck, and Falk and Torp respectively. It is needless to add that the same correct principles have been adopted in the New English Dictionary.Owing to the large number of corrections which the use of the newer method renders imperative, I took the opportunity, in 1901, of printing an entirely new edition of my Concise Etymological Dictionary, first issued in 1882, and partially corrected in four later editions ; the result being that the edition of 1901 entirely supersedes all that preceded it.The time has now arrived when it has become absolutely necessary, in the same way, to reprint my larger Dictionary also. Alterations have now been made, more or less, in almost every article except such as are of the simplest character.Not only have the methods of comparative philology been greatly improved, but many valuable works on special subjects have appeared in recent years, as, for example, those by Kluge, Franck, Falk, Prellwitz, Bréal, Walde, Uhlenbeck, Godefroy, Hatzfeld, and others ; not one of these was avail-able in 1879–82. Above all, I have been much assisted by the admirable articles in the New English Dictionary, from the beginning of A down to Ph.Ph For the latter part of the alphabet, I have mainly consulted the Century Dictionary, the editors of which, by the way, of course had access to the second edition of the present work.<pb n="9"/> <space dim="vertical" quantity="11.6102" unit="em"/> <div type="preface" part="I" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-2 #leading-2 #indent-2"> <head rend="align(center)" style="letter-spacing:0.124em" rendition="#size-4 #leading-4"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="preface" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">PREFACE</w> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">TO</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w> <w lemma="new" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">NEW</w> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">AND</w> <w lemma="revise" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">REVISED</w> <w lemma="edition" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">EDITION</w></s><lb/></head> <space dim="vertical" quantity="2.3535" unit="em"/> <p rend="align(justify)"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">I<hi rend="smallcaps">t</hi></w> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="now" type="adverb">now</w> <w lemma="more" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Cmp">more</w> <w lemma="than" type="preposition">than</w> <w lemma="a" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">a</w> <w lemma="quarter" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">quarter</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="a" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">a</w> <w lemma="century" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">century</w> <w lemma="since" type="preposition">since</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="first" type="adjective" msd="NumType=Ord">first</w> <w lemma="edition" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">edition</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="present" type="adjective">present</w> <w lemma="work" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">work</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">was</w><lb/> <w lemma="publish" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">published</w><pc>.</pc></s> <s ana="#autonomy-4"><w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">It</w> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">was</w> <w lemma="hardly" type="adverb">hardly</w> <w lemma="possible" type="adjective">possible</w> <w lemma="for" type="preposition">for</w> <w lemma="I" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs">me</w> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <w lemma="ascertain" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Inf">ascertain</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="at" type="preposition">at</w> <w lemma="that" type="determiner" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Dem">that</w> <w lemma="date" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">date</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="that" type="subordinating_conjunction">that</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="time" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">time</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="its" type="pronoun" msd="Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs">its</w> <w lemma="publication" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">publication</w><lb/> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">was</w> <w lemma="not" type="particle" msd="Polarity=Neg">not</w> <w lemma="a" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">a</w> <w lemma="very" type="adverb">very</w> <w lemma="favourable" type="adjective">favourable</w> <w lemma="one" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Ind">one</w> <pc>;</pc> <w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">it</w> <w lemma="would" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">would</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="perhaps" type="adverb">perhaps</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Inf">have</w> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="VerbForm=Part">been</w> <w lemma="good" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Cmp">better</w> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Inf">have</w> <w lemma="defer" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">deferred</w> <w lemma="its" type="pronoun" msd="Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs">its</w> <w lemma="appearance" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">appearance</w> <w lemma="for" type="preposition">for</w><lb/> <w lemma="a" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">a</w> <w lemma="few" type="adjective">few</w> <w lemma="year" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">years</w><pc>,</pc> <phr type="prepositional_phrase" lemma="owing to"><w lemma="owing" type="preposition">owing</w> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">to</w></phr> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="great" type="adjective">great</w> <w lemma="advance" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">advances</w> <w lemma="that" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Rel">that</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">were</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Pres">being</w> <w lemma="make" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">made</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="just" type="adverb">just</w> <w lemma="at" type="preposition">at</w> <w lemma="that" type="determiner" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Dem">that</w> <w lemma="period" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">period</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="method" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">methods</w><lb/> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="comparative" type="adjective">comparative</w> <w lemma="philology" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">philology</w><pc>.</pc></s> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">The</w> <w lemma="whole" type="adjective">whole</w> <w lemma="system" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">system</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="estimate" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Ger">estimating</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="vowel-sound" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">vowel-sounds</w> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">has</w> <w lemma="since" type="adverb">since</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Part">been</w> <w lemma="completely" type="adverb">com-<lb break="no"/>pletely</w> <w lemma="reconsider" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">reconsidered</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="history" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">history</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="their" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs">their</w> <w lemma="phonetic" type="adjective">phonetic</w> <w lemma="value" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">values</w><pc>,</pc> <phr type="prepositional_phrase" lemma="in particular"><w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="particular" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">particular</w></phr><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="now" type="adverb">now</w> <w lemma="regard" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">regarded</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="a" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">a</w> <w lemma="very" type="adverb">very</w><lb/> <w lemma="different" type="adjective">different</w> <w lemma="light" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">light</w><pc>.</pc></s><lb/></p> <p rend="align(justify)"><s ana="#autonomy-1"><w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">The</w> <w lemma="chief" type="adjective">chief</w> <w lemma="writer" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">writers</w> <w lemma="on" type="preposition">on</w> <w lemma="philology" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">philology</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="that" type="determiner" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Dem">that</w> <w lemma="period" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">period</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="notably" type="adverb">notably</w> <persName><w lemma="Curtius" type="proper_noun">Curtius</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <persName><w lemma="Fick" type="proper_noun">Fick</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <persName><w lemma="Schleicher" type="proper_noun">Schleicher</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <persName><w lemma="Vaniček" type="proper_noun">Vaniček</w></persName><lb/> <w lemma="agree" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">agreed</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="view" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">view</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="now" type="adverb">now</w> <w lemma="know" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">known</w> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="VerbForm=Inf">be</w> <w lemma="erroneous" type="adjective">erroneous</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="that" type="subordinating_conjunction">that</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="primitive" type="adjective">primitive</w> <w lemma="Indogermanic" type="adjective"><choice><orig>Indogermanic</orig><reg>Indo-Germanic</reg></choice></w> <w lemma="language" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">language</w> <w lemma="have" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">had</w> <w lemma="but" type="adverb">but</w><lb/> <num value="3"><w lemma="three" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">three</w></num> <w lemma="short" type="adjective">short</w> <w lemma="primary" type="adjective">primary</w> <w lemma="vowel" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">vowels</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="viz" type="adverb" msd="Abbr=Yes"><choice><abbr>viz.</abbr><expan>videlicet</expan></choice></w> <mentioned><w lemma="a" type="letter"><hi rend="italic">a</hi></w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="i" type="letter"><hi rend="italic">i</hi></w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <mentioned><w lemma="u" type="letter"><hi rend="italic">u</hi></w></mentioned><pc>.</pc></s> <s ana="#autonomy-4"><w lemma="this" type="determiner" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Dem">This</w> <w lemma="strange" type="adjective">strange</w> <w lemma="theory" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">theory</w> <pc>(</pc><w lemma="for" type="coordinating_conjunction">for</w> <w lemma="such" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Dem">such</w> <w lemma="we" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs">we</w> <w lemma="should" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">should</w> <w lemma="now" type="adverb">now</w> <w lemma="consider" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Inf">consider</w> <w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">it</w><pc>)</pc><lb/> <w lemma="arise" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">arose</w> <w lemma="from" type="preposition">from</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="fact" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">fact</w> <w lemma="that" type="subordinating_conjunction">that</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="short" type="adjective">short</w> <w lemma="primary" type="adjective">primary</w> <w lemma="vowel" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">vowels</w> <w lemma="really" type="adverb">really</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">were</w> <w lemma="reduce" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">reduced</w> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">to</w> <w lemma="these" type="determiner" msd="Number=Plur|PronType=Dem">these</w> <num value="3"><w lemma="three" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">three</w></num> <w lemma="both" type="coordinating_conjunction">both</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="Gothic" type="proper_noun">Gothic</w><pc>,</pc><lb/> <w lemma="which" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Rel">which</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">was</w> <w lemma="justly" type="adverb">justly</w> <w lemma="regard" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">regarded</w> <w lemma="as" type="subordinating_conjunction">as</w> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="VerbForm=Pres">being</w><pc>,</pc> <hi rend="italic"><w lemma="upon" type="preposition">upon</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="whole" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">whole</w></hi><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="most" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Sup">most</w> <w lemma="primitive" type="adjective">primitive</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="Teutonic" type="proper_noun">Teutonic</w> <pc>(</pc><w lemma="or" type="coordinating_conjunction">or</w> <w lemma="Germanic" type="proper_noun">Germanic</w><pc>)</pc><lb/> <w lemma="language" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">languages</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="Sanskrit" type="proper_noun">Sanskrit</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="which" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Rel">which</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">was</w> <w lemma="likewise" type="adverb">likewise</w> <w lemma="know" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">known</w> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <w lemma="possess" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Inf">possess</w> <w lemma="many" type="adjective">many</w> <w lemma="characteristic" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">characteristics</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="extreme" type="adjective">extreme</w><lb/> <w lemma="antiquity" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">antiquity</w><pc>.</pc></s> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="but" type="coordinating_conjunction">But</w> <w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">it</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="now" type="adverb">now</w> <w lemma="recognize" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">recognized</w> <w lemma="that" type="subordinating_conjunction">that</w> <w lemma="more" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Cmp">more</w> <w lemma="than" type="preposition">than</w> <w lemma="half" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">half</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="Indogermanic" type="adjective"><choice><orig>Indogermanic</orig><reg>Indo-Germanic</reg></choice></w> <w lemma="language" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">languages</w> <w lemma="retain" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">retain</w><lb/> <w lemma="a" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">a</w> <w lemma="primitive" type="adjective">primitive</w> <mentioned><w lemma="e" type="letter"><hi rend="italic">e</hi></w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="whilst" type="subordinating_conjunction">whilst</w> <w lemma="just" type="adverb">just</w> <w lemma="half" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">half</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="they" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs">them</w> <w lemma="retain" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">retain</w> <w lemma="a" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">a</w> <w lemma="primitive" type="adjective">primitive</w> <mentioned><w lemma="o" type="letter"><hi rend="italic">o</hi></w></mentioned> <pc>;</pc> <w lemma="so" type="adverb">so</w> <w lemma="that" type="subordinating_conjunction">that</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="number" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">number</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="primary" type="adjective">primary</w> <w lemma="short" type="adjective">short</w> <w lemma="vowel" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">vowels</w><lb/> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">was</w> <w lemma="really" type="adverb">really</w> <num value="5"><w lemma="five" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">five</w></num><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="viz" type="adverb" msd="Abbr=Yes"><choice><abbr>viz.</abbr><expan>videlicet</expan></choice></w> <mentioned><w lemma="a" type="letter"><hi rend="italic">a</hi></w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="e" type="letter"><hi rend="italic">e</hi></w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="i" type="letter"><hi rend="italic">i</hi></w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="o" type="letter"><hi rend="italic">o</hi></w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="u" type="letter"><hi rend="italic">u</hi></w></mentioned><pc>.</pc></s> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">The</w> <w lemma="primitive" type="adjective">primitive</w> <w lemma="form" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">form</w> <w lemma="correspond" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Pres">corresponding</w> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">to</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="Greek" type="adjective" msd="Abbr=Yes"><choice><abbr>Gk.</abbr><expan>Greek</expan></choice></w> <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><m type="suffix" lemma="-τε">-τε</m></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="Latin" type="adjective" msd="Abbr=Yes"><choice><abbr>L.</abbr><expan>Latin</expan></choice></w> <mentioned xml:lang="lat"><m type="suffix" lemma="-que"><hi rend="italic">-que</hi></m></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="Sanskrit" type="adjective" msd="Abbr=Yes"><choice><abbr>Skt.</abbr><expan>Sanskrit</expan></choice></w> <mentioned xml:lang="san-Latn"><w lemma="cha" type="particle"><hi rend="italic">cha</hi></w></mentioned><pc>,</pc><lb/> <w lemma="signify" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Pres">signifying</w> <pc>‘</pc><w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w><pc>,</pc><pc>’</pc> <w lemma="must" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">must</w> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Inf">have</w> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="VerbForm=Part">been</w> <mentioned><w lemma="*que" type="particle"><hi rend="italic">*que</hi></w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="rather" type="adverb">rather</w> <w lemma="than" type="preposition">than</w> <mentioned><w lemma="*qua" type="particle"><hi rend="italic">*qua</hi></w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="because" type="subordinating_conjunction">because</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="Sanskrit" type="adjective" msd="Abbr=Yes"><choice><abbr>Skt.</abbr><expan>Sanskrit</expan></choice></w> <mentioned xml:lang="san-Latn"><w lemma="ch" type="letter"><hi rend="italic">ch</hi></w></mentioned> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="a" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">a</w> <w lemma="palatal" type="adjective">palatal</w> <w lemma="sound" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">sound</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="due" type="adjective">due</w> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">to</w><lb/> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="palatal" type="adjective">palatal</w> <w lemma="vowel" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">vowel</w> <mentioned><w lemma="e" type="letter"><hi rend="italic">e</hi></w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="which" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Rel">which</w> <w lemma="once" type="adverb">once</w> <w lemma="follow" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">followed</w> <w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">it</w><pc>.</pc></s> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="in" type="preposition">In</w> <w lemma="other" type="adjective">other</w> <w lemma="word" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">words</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="Sanskrit" type="adjective" msd="Abbr=Yes"><choice><abbr>Skt.</abbr><expan>Sanskrit</expan></choice></w> <mentioned xml:lang="san-Latn"><w lemma="cha" type="particle"><hi rend="italic">cha</hi></w></mentioned> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">was</w> <w lemma="once" type="adverb">once</w> <mentioned><w lemma="*che" type="particle"><hi rend="italic">*che</hi></w></mentioned><pc>.</pc></s><lb/></p> <p rend="align(justify)"><s ana="#autonomy-1"><w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">The</w> <w lemma="advance" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">advance</w> <w lemma="due" type="adjective">due</w> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">to</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="follow" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Ger">following</w> <w lemma="up" type="particle">up</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="this" type="determiner" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Dem">this</w> <w lemma="discovery" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">discovery</w> <pc>(</pc><w lemma="for" type="coordinating_conjunction">for</w> <w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">it</w> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">was</w> <w lemma="nothing" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Neg">nothing</w> <w lemma="less" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Cmp">less</w><pc>)</pc> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">has</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Part">been</w> <w lemma="very" type="adverb">very</w><lb/> <w lemma="considerable" type="adjective">considerable</w><pc>.</pc></s> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">The</w> <w lemma="whole" type="adjective">whole</w> <w lemma="subject" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">subject</w> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">has</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Part">been</w> <w lemma="thoroughly" type="adverb">thoroughly</w> <w lemma="revise" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">revised</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="result" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">results</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">are</w> <w lemma="fully" type="adverb">fully</w> <w lemma="exhibit" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">exhibited</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w><lb/> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <bibl xml:id="bibl-1" xml:lang="eng" type="grammar"><title><w lemma="comparative" type="adjective">Comparative</w> <w lemma="grammar" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Grammar</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="Indogermanic" type="adjective"><choice><orig>Indogermanic</orig><reg>Indo-Germanic</reg></choice></w> <w lemma="language" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">Languages</w></title></bibl> <w lemma="by" type="preposition">by</w> <persName><w lemma="Karl" type="proper_noun">Karl</w> <w lemma="Brugmann" type="proper_noun">Brugmann</w></persName> <pc>;</pc> <w lemma="as" type="adverb">as</w> <w lemma="well" type="adverb">well</w> <w lemma="as" type="coordinating_conjunction">as</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w><lb/> <w lemma="special" type="adjective">special</w> <w lemma="German" type="adjective">German</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="Dutch" type="adjective">Dutch</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="Danish" type="adjective">Danish</w> <w lemma="etymological" type="adjective">Etymological</w> <w lemma="dictionary" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">Dictionaries</w> <w lemma="by" type="preposition">by</w> <persName><w lemma="Kluge" type="proper_noun">Kluge</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <persName><w lemma="Franck" type="proper_noun">Franck</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <persName><w lemma="Falk" type="proper_noun">Falk</w></persName> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <persName><w lemma="Torp" type="proper_noun">Torp</w></persName><lb/> <w lemma="respectively" type="adverb">respectively</w><pc>.</pc></s> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">It</w> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="needless" type="adjective">needless</w> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <w lemma="add" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Inf">add</w> <w lemma="that" type="subordinating_conjunction">that</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="same" type="adjective">same</w> <w lemma="correct" type="adjective">correct</w> <w lemma="principle" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">principles</w> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">have</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Part">been</w> <w lemma="adopt" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">adopted</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w><lb/> <bibl xml:id="bibl-2" xml:lang="eng" type="dictionary"><title><w lemma="new" type="adjective">New</w> <w lemma="English" type="adjective">English</w> <w lemma="dictionary" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Dictionary</w></title></bibl><pc>.</pc></s><lb/></p> <p rend="align(justify)"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="owing" type="preposition">Owing</w> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">to</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="large" type="adjective">large</w> <w lemma="number" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">number</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="correction" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">corrections</w> <w lemma="which" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Rel">which</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="use" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">use</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="new" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Cmp">newer</w> <w lemma="method" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">method</w> <w lemma="render" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">renders</w> <w lemma="imperative" type="adjective">imperative</w><pc>,</pc><lb/> <w lemma="I" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs">I</w> <w lemma="take" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">took</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="opportunity" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">opportunity</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <date when="1901"><num value="1901"><w lemma="1901" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">1901</w></num></date><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="print" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Ger">printing</w> <w lemma="an" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">an</w> <w lemma="entirely" type="adverb">entirely</w> <w lemma="new" type="adjective">new</w> <w lemma="edition" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">edition</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="my" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs">my</w> <bibl xml:id="bibl-3" xml:lang="eng" type="dictionary"><title><w lemma="concise" type="adjective">Concise</w> <w lemma="etymological" type="adjective">Etymological</w><lb/> <w lemma="dictionary" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Dictionary</w></title></bibl><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="first" type="adverb" msd="NumType=Ord">first</w> <w lemma="issue" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">issued</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <date when="1882"><num value="1882"><w lemma="1882" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">1882</w></num></date><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="partially" type="adverb">partially</w> <w lemma="correct" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">corrected</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <num value="4"><w lemma="four" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">four</w></num> <w lemma="later" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Cmp">later</w> <w lemma="edition" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">editions</w> <pc>;</pc> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="result" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">result</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Ger">being</w> <w lemma="that" type="subordinating_conjunction">that</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w><lb/> <w lemma="edition" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">edition</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <date when="1901"><num value="1901"><w lemma="1901" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">1901</w></num></date> <w lemma="entirely" type="adverb">entirely</w> <w lemma="supersede" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">supersedes</w> <w lemma="all" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Tot">all</w> <w lemma="that" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Rel">that</w> <w lemma="precede" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">preceded</w> <w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">it</w><pc>.</pc></s><lb/></p> <p rend="align(justify)"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">The</w> <w lemma="time" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">time</w> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">has</w> <w lemma="now" type="adverb">now</w> <w lemma="arrive" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">arrived</w> <w lemma="when" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Rel">when</w> <w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">it</w> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">has</w> <w lemma="become" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Part">become</w> <w lemma="absolutely" type="adverb">absolutely</w> <w lemma="necessary" type="adjective">necessary</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="same" type="adjective">same</w> <w lemma="way" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">way</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <w lemma="reprint" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Inf">reprint</w><lb/> <w lemma="my" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs">my</w> <w lemma="large" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Cmp">larger</w> <w lemma="dictionary" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Dictionary</w> <w lemma="also" type="adverb">also</w><pc>.</pc></s> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="alteration" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">Alterations</w> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">have</w> <w lemma="now" type="adverb">now</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Part">been</w> <w lemma="make" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">made</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="more" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Cmp">more</w> <w lemma="or" type="coordinating_conjunction">or</w> <w lemma="less" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Cmp">less</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="almost" type="adverb">almost</w> <w lemma="every" type="determiner">every</w> <w lemma="article" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">article</w><lb/> <w lemma="except" type="preposition">except</w> <w lemma="such" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Dem">such</w> <w lemma="as" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Rel">as</w> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">are</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="simple" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Sup">simplest</w> <w lemma="character" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">character</w><pc>.</pc></s><lb/></p> <p rend="align(justify)"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="not" type="particle" msd="Polarity=Neg">Not</w> <w lemma="only" type="adverb">only</w> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">have</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="method" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">methods</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="comparative" type="adjective">comparative</w> <w lemma="philology" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">philology</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Part">been</w> <w lemma="greatly" type="adverb">greatly</w> <w lemma="improve" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">improved</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="but" type="coordinating_conjunction">but</w> <w lemma="many" type="adjective">many</w> <w lemma="valuable" type="adjective">valuable</w><lb/> <w lemma="work" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">works</w> <w lemma="on" type="preposition">on</w> <w lemma="special" type="adjective">special</w> <w lemma="subject" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">subjects</w> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">have</w> <w lemma="appear" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">appeared</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="recent" type="adjective">recent</w> <w lemma="year" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">years</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="as" type="adverb">as</w><pc>,</pc> <phr type="prepositional_phrase" lemma="for example"><w lemma="for" type="preposition">for</w> <w lemma="example" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">example</w></phr><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="those" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Plur|PronType=Dem">those</w> <w lemma="by" type="preposition">by</w> <persName><w lemma="Kluge" type="proper_noun">Kluge</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <persName><w lemma="Franck" type="proper_noun">Franck</w></persName><pc>,</pc><lb/> <persName><w lemma="Falk" type="proper_noun">Falk</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <persName><w lemma="Prellwitz" type="proper_noun">Prellwitz</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <persName><w lemma="Bréal" type="proper_noun">Bréal</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <persName><w lemma="Walde" type="proper_noun">Walde</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <persName><w lemma="Uhlenbeck" type="proper_noun">Uhlenbeck</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <persName><w lemma="Godefroy" type="proper_noun">Godefroy</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <persName><w lemma="Hatzfeld" type="proper_noun">Hatzfeld</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="other" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">others</w> <pc>;</pc> <w lemma="not" type="particle" msd="Polarity=Neg">not</w> <num value="1"><w lemma="one" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">one</w></num> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="these" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Plur|PronType=Dem">these</w> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">was</w> <w lemma="available" type="adjective">avail-<lb break="no"/>able</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <date when="1879"><num value="1879"><w lemma="1879" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">1879</w></num></date><pc>–</pc><date when="1882"><num value="82"><w lemma="82" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">82</w></num></date><pc>.</pc></s> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="above" type="adverb">Above</w> <w lemma="all" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Tot">all</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="I" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs">I</w> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">have</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Part">been</w> <w lemma="much" type="adverb">much</w> <w lemma="assist" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">assisted</w> <w lemma="by" type="preposition">by</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="admirable" type="adjective">admirable</w> <w lemma="article" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">articles</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <bibl xml:id="bibl-4" xml:lang="eng" type="dictionary"><title><w lemma="new" type="adjective">New</w> <w lemma="English" type="adjective">English</w><lb/> <w lemma="dictionary" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Dictionary</w></title></bibl><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="from" type="preposition">from</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="beginning" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">beginning</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="A" type="letter">A</w> <w lemma="down" type="adverb">down</w> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">to</w> <w lemma="Ph." type="letter" msd="Abbr=Yes"><choice><abbr>Ph.</abbr><expan>Ph</expan></choice></w></s> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="for" type="preposition">For</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="latter" type="adjective">latter</w> <w lemma="part" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">part</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="alphabet" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">alphabet</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="I" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs">I</w> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">have</w> <w lemma="mainly" type="adverb">mainly</w><lb/> <w lemma="consult" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">consulted</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <bibl xml:id="bibl-5" xml:lang="eng" type="dictionary"><title><w lemma="century" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Century</w> <w lemma="dictionary" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Dictionary</w></title></bibl><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="editor" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">editors</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="which" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Rel">which</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="by" type="preposition">by</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="way" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">way</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="course" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">course</w> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">had</w> <w lemma="access" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">access</w> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">to</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="second" type="adjective" msd="NumType=Ord">second</w><lb/> <w lemma="edition" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">edition</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="present" type="adjective">present</w> <w lemma="work" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">work</w><pc>.</pc></s><lb/></p> </div>viiiPREFACE TO THE NEW AND REVISED EDITIONThe number of words dealt with has been considerably increased, and (exclusive of cross-references and the like) stands approximately thus :—A, 882 ; B, 865 ; C, 1434 ; D, 845 ; E, 575 ; F, 639 ; G, 518 ; H, 517 ; I, 724 ; J, 145 ; K, 108 ; L, 527 ; M, 782 ; N, 242 ; O, 376 ; P, 1231 ; Q, 104 ; R, 648 ; S, 1555 ; T, 821 ; U, 92 ; V, 265 ; W, 319 ; X, 2 ; Y, 45 ; Z, 25. The greatest number of these begins with S ; after which follow, in order, C, P, A, B, D, T, M, I, R, F, E, L, G, H, O, W, V, N, J, K, Q, U, Y, Z, X. Total number, 14,286.I beg leave to refer the reader, for further information, to the former Prefaces here reprinted, the Brief Notes at p.page xviii, the List of Books consulted, and the Key to the General Plan.I am under obligation to a large number of correspondents and friends. In particular, I desire to mention the names of the Rev.Reverend A. L. Mayhew, of Oxford, who gave me so much assistance when revising my Concise Dictionary, and of P. Giles, M.A., of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, University Reader in Comparative Philology. My second daughter, Clara L. Skeat, has verified nearly all the references given in the third edition, and has in many ways rendered me efficient help.Cambridge, April 30, 1909.
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
The present work was undertaken with the intention of furnishing students with materials for a more scientific study of English etymology than is commonly to be found in previous works upon the subject. It is not intended to be always authoritative, nor are the conclusions arrived at to be accepted as final. It is rather intended as a guide to future writers, showing them in some cases what ought certainly to be accepted, and in other cases, it may be, what to avoid. The idea of it arose out of my own wants. I could find no single book containing the facts about a given word which it most concerns a student to know, whilst, at the same time, there exist numerous books containing informa-tion too important to be omitted. Thus Richardson’s Dictionary is an admirable store-house of quotations illustrating such words as are of no great antiquity in the language, and his selected examples are the more valuable from the fact that he in general adds the exact reference1. Todd’s Johnson likewise contains numerous well-chosen quotations, but perhaps no greater mistake was ever made than that of citing from authors like ‘Dryden’ or ‘Addison’ at large, without the slightest hint as to the whereabouts of the context. But in both of these works the etymology is commonly of the poorest description ; and it would probably be difficult to find a worse philologist than Richardson, who adopted many suggestions from Horne Tooke without inquiry, and was capable of saying that hod is ‘perhaps hoved, hov’d, hod, past part.participle of heafan to heave.’ It is easily ascertained that the AS.Anglo-Saxon for heave is hebban, and that, being a strong verb, its past participle did not originally end in -ed.It would be tedious to mention the numerous other books which help to throw such light on the history of words as is necessary for the right investigation of their etymology. The great defect of most of them is that they do not carry back that history far enough, and are very weak in the highly important Middle-English period. But the publications of the Camden Society, of the Early English
1 I have verified a large number of these. Where I could not conveniently do so, I have added ‘(R.)’ in parentheses at the end of the reference. I found, to my surprise, that the references toChaucer are often utterly wrong, the numbers being frequently misprinted.<pb n="10"/> <fw type="pageNum" rend="align(left)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="viii" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">viii</w></s></fw> <fw type="header" rend="align(center)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;letter-spacing:0.1em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="preface" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">PREFACE</w> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">TO</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w> <w lemma="new" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">NEW</w> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">AND</w> <w lemma="revised" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">REVISED</w> <w lemma="edition" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">EDITION</w></s><lb/></fw> <space dim="vertical" quantity="0.7845" unit="em"/> <div type="preface" part="F" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-2 #leading-2 #indent-2"> <p rend="align(justify)"> <s ana="#autonomy-0"> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">The</w> <w lemma="number" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">number</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="word" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">words</w> <w lemma="deal" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">dealt</w> <w lemma="with" type="preposition">with</w> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">has</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">been</w> <w lemma="considerably" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">considerably</w> <w lemma="increase" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">increased</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <pc>(</pc><w lemma="exclusive" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">exclusive</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="cross-reference" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">cross-references</w><lb/> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="like" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">like</w><pc>)</pc> <w lemma="stand" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">stands</w> <w lemma="approximately" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">approximately</w> <w lemma="thus" type="adverb">thus</w> <pc>:</pc><pc>—</pc><mentioned><w lemma="A" type="letter">A</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="882"><w lemma="882" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">882</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="B" type="letter">B</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="865"><w lemma="865" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">865</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="C" type="letter">C</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="1434"><w lemma="1434" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">1434</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="D" type="letter">D</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="845"><w lemma="845" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">845</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="E" type="letter">E</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="575"><w lemma="575" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">575</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="F" type="letter">F</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="639"><w lemma="639" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">639</w></num> <pc>;</pc><lb/> <mentioned><w lemma="G" type="letter">G</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="518"><w lemma="518" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">518</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="H" type="letter">H</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="517"><w lemma="517" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">517</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="I" type="letter">I</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="724"><w lemma="724" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">724</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="J" type="letter">J</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="145"><w lemma="145" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">145</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="K" type="letter">K</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="108"><w lemma="108" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">108</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="L" type="letter">L</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="527"><w lemma="527" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">527</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="M" type="letter">M</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="782"><w lemma="782" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">782</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="N" type="letter">N</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="242"><w lemma="242" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">242</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="O" type="letter">O</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="376"><w lemma="376" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">376</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="P" type="letter">P</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="1231"><w lemma="1231" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">1231</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="Q" type="letter">Q</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="104"><w lemma="104" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">104</w></num> <pc>;</pc><lb/> <mentioned><w lemma="R" type="letter">R</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="648"><w lemma="648" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">648</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="S" type="letter">S</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="1555"><w lemma="1555" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">1555</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="T" type="letter">T</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="821"><w lemma="821" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">821</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="U" type="letter">U</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="92"><w lemma="92" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">92</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="V" type="letter">V</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="265"><w lemma="265" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">265</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="W" type="letter">W</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="319"><w lemma="319" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">319</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="X" type="letter">X</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="2"><w lemma="2" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">2</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="Y" type="letter">Y</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="45"><w lemma="45" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">45</w></num> <pc>;</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="Z" type="letter">Z</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <num value="25"><w lemma="25" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">25</w></num><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">The</w> <w lemma="great" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Sup">greatest</w> <w lemma="number" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">number</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w><lb/> <w lemma="these" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Plur|PronType=Dem">these</w> <w lemma="begin" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">begins</w> <w lemma="with" type="preposition">with</w> <mentioned><w lemma="S" type="letter">S</w></mentioned> <pc>;</pc> <w lemma="after" type="preposition">after</w> <w lemma="which" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Rel">which</w> <w lemma="follow" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">follow</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="order" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">order</w><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="C" type="letter">C</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="P" type="letter">P</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="A" type="letter">A</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="B" type="letter">B</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="D" type="letter">D</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="T" type="letter">T</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="M" type="letter">M</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="I" type="letter">I</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="R" type="letter">R</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="F" type="letter">F</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="E" type="letter">E</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="L" type="letter">L</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="G" type="letter">G</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="H" type="letter">H</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="O" type="letter">O</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="W" type="letter">W</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="V" type="letter">V</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc><lb/> <hi style="word-spacing:0.419em"><mentioned><w lemma="N" type="letter">N</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="J" type="letter">J</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="K" type="letter">K</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="Q" type="letter">Q</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="U" type="letter">U</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="Y" type="letter">Y</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="Z" type="letter">Z</w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned><w lemma="X" type="letter">X</w></mentioned><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="total" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">Total</w> <w lemma="number" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">number</w><pc>,</pc> <num value="14286"><w lemma="14,286" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">14,286</w></num><pc>.</pc></hi><lb/> </s> </p> <p rend="align(justify)"> <s ana="#autonomy-0"> <w lemma="I" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs">I</w> <w lemma="beg" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">beg</w> <w lemma="leave" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">leave</w> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <w lemma="refer" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Inf">refer</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="reader" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">reader</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="for" type="preposition">for</w> <w lemma="further" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Cmp">further</w> <w lemma="information" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">information</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">to</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="former" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">former</w> <w lemma="preface" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">Prefaces</w> <w lemma="here" type="adverb">here</w> <w lemma="reprint" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">reprinted</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w><lb/> <hi style="word-spacing:0.13em"><w lemma="brief" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">Brief</w> <w lemma="note" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">Notes</w> <w lemma="at" type="preposition">at</w> <w lemma="p." type="noun" msd="Abbr=Yes"><choice><abbr>p.</abbr><expan>page</expan></choice></w> <num value="18"><w lemma="xviii" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">xviii</w></num><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="list" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">List</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="book" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">Books</w> <w lemma="consult" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">consulted</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="key" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Key</w> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">to</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="general" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">General</w> <w lemma="plan" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Plan</w><pc>.</pc></hi><lb/> </s> </p> <p rend="align(justify)"> <s ana="#autonomy-0"> <w lemma="I" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs">I</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">am</w> <w lemma="under" type="preposition">under</w> <w lemma="obligation" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">obligation</w> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">to</w> <w lemma="a" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">a</w> <w lemma="large" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">large</w> <w lemma="number" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">number</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="correspondent" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">correspondents</w> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="friend" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">friends</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">In</w> <w lemma="particular" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">particular</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="I" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs">I</w> <w lemma="desire" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">desire</w> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w><lb/> <w lemma="mention" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Inf">mention</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="name" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">names</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <persName><w lemma="reverend" type="adjective" msd="Abbr=Yes"><choice><abbr>Rev.</abbr><expan>Reverend</expan></choice></w> <w lemma="A" type="proper_noun" msd="Abbr=Yes">A</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="L" type="proper_noun" msd="Abbr=Yes">L</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="Mayhew" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Mayhew</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <placeName><w lemma="Oxford" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Oxford</w></placeName><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="who" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Rel">who</w> <w lemma="give" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">gave</w> <w lemma="I" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs">me</w> <w lemma="so" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">so</w> <w lemma="much" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">much</w> <w lemma="assistance" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">assistance</w> <w lemma="when" type="subordinating_conjunction">when</w><lb/> <w lemma="revise" type="verb" msd="Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part">revising</w> <w lemma="my" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs">my</w> <bibl xml:id="bibl-1" xml:lang="eng" type="dictionary"><title><w lemma="concise" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">Concise</w> <w lemma="dictionary" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Dictionary</w></title></bibl><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <persName><w lemma="P" type="proper_noun" msd="Abbr=Yes">P</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="Giles" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Giles</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="M" type="proper_noun" msd="Abbr=Yes">M</w><pc>.</pc><w lemma="A" type="proper_noun" msd="Abbr=Yes">A</w><pc>.</pc><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <orgName><w lemma="Emmanuel" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Emmanuel</w> <w lemma="college" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">College</w></orgName><pc>,</pc> <placeName><w lemma="Cambridge" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Cambridge</w></placeName><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="university" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">University</w><lb/> <w lemma="reader" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Reader</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="comparative" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">Comparative</w> <w lemma="philology" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Philology</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="my" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs">My</w> <w lemma="second" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">second</w> <w lemma="daughter" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">daughter</w><pc>,</pc> <persName><w lemma="Clara" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Clara</w> <w lemma="L" type="proper_noun" msd="Abbr=Yes">L</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="Skeat" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Skeat</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">has</w> <w lemma="verify" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">verified</w> <w lemma="nearly" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">nearly</w> <w lemma="all" type="determiner">all</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w><lb/> <w lemma="reference" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">references</w> <w lemma="give" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">given</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="third" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">third</w> <w lemma="edition" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">edition</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">has</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="many" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">many</w> <w lemma="way" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">ways</w> <w lemma="render" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">rendered</w> <w lemma="I" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs">me</w> <w lemma="efficient" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">efficient</w> <w lemma="help" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">help</w><pc>.</pc><lb/> </s> </p> <space dim="vertical" quantity="1.569" unit="em"/> <dateline rend="align(left)" style="word-spacing:0.245em" rendition="#size-2 #leading-2 #indent-3"> <s ana="#autonomy-0"> <placeName><w lemma="Cambridge" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">C<hi rend="smallcaps">ambridge</hi></w></placeName><pc>,</pc> <date when="1909-04-30"><w lemma="April" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing"><hi rend="italic">April</hi></w> <num value="30"><w lemma="30" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">30</w></num><pc>,</pc> <num value="1909"><w lemma="1909" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">1909</w></num></date><pc>.</pc><lb/> </s> </dateline> </div> <milestone unit="section" rend="rule align(center)" style="inline-size:13.8896em" rendition="#gap-3"/> <space dim="vertical" quantity="4.707" unit="em"/> <div type="preface" part="I" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-2 #leading-2 #indent-2"> <head rend="align(center)" style="letter-spacing:0.185em" rendition="#size-4 #leading-4"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="preface" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">PREFACE</w> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">TO</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w> <w lemma="first" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">FIRST</w> <w lemma="edition" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">EDITION</w></s><lb/></head> <space dim="vertical" quantity="1.569" unit="em"/> <p rend="align(justify)"> <s ana="#autonomy-0"> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">T<hi rend="smallcaps">he</hi></w> <w lemma="present" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">present</w> <w lemma="work" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">work</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">was</w> <w lemma="undertake" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">undertaken</w> <w lemma="with" type="preposition">with</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="intention" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">intention</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="furnish" type="verb" msd="Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part">furnishing</w> <w lemma="student" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">students</w> <w lemma="with" type="preposition">with</w> <w lemma="material" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">materials</w> <w lemma="for" type="preposition">for</w><lb/> <w lemma="a" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">a</w> <w lemma="more" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Cmp">more</w> <w lemma="scientific" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">scientific</w> <w lemma="study" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">study</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="English" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">English</w> <w lemma="etymology" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">etymology</w> <w lemma="than" type="subordinating_conjunction">than</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="commonly" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">commonly</w> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Inf">be</w> <w lemma="find" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">found</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="previous" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">previous</w> <w lemma="work" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">works</w> <w lemma="upon" type="preposition">upon</w><lb/> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="subject" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">subject</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">It</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="not" type="particle" msd="Polarity=Neg">not</w> <w lemma="intend" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">intended</w> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Inf">be</w> <w lemma="always" type="adverb">always</w> <w lemma="authoritative" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">authoritative</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="nor" type="coordinating_conjunction">nor</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">are</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="conclusion" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">conclusions</w> <w lemma="arrive" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">arrived</w> <w lemma="at" type="preposition">at</w> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Inf">be</w><lb/> <w lemma="accept" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">accepted</w> <w lemma="as" type="preposition">as</w> <w lemma="final" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">final</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">It</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="rather" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">rather</w> <w lemma="intend" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">intended</w> <w lemma="as" type="preposition">as</w> <w lemma="a" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">a</w> <w lemma="guide" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">guide</w> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">to</w> <w lemma="future" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">future</w> <w lemma="writer" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">writers</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="show" type="verb" msd="Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part">showing</w> <w lemma="they" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs">them</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="some" type="determiner">some</w> <w lemma="case" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">cases</w> <w lemma="what" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Int">what</w><lb/> <w lemma="ought" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">ought</w> <w lemma="certainly" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">certainly</w> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Inf">be</w> <w lemma="accept" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">accepted</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="other" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">other</w> <w lemma="case" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">cases</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">it</w> <w lemma="may" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">may</w> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="VerbForm=Inf">be</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="what" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Int">what</w> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <w lemma="avoid" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Inf">avoid</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">The</w> <w lemma="idea" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">idea</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">it</w> <w lemma="arise" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">arose</w> <w lemma="out" type="preposition">out</w><lb/> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="my" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs">my</w> <w lemma="own" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">own</w> <w lemma="want" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">wants</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="I" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs">I</w> <w lemma="could" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">could</w> <w lemma="find" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Inf">find</w> <w lemma="no" type="determiner" msd="Polarity=Neg">no</w> <w lemma="single" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">single</w> <w lemma="book" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">book</w> <w lemma="contain" type="verb" msd="Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part">containing</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="fact" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">facts</w> <w lemma="about" type="preposition">about</w> <w lemma="a" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">a</w> <w lemma="give" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">given</w> <w lemma="word" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">word</w> <w lemma="which" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Rel">which</w> <w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">it</w> <w lemma="most" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Sup">most</w><lb/> <w lemma="concern" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">concerns</w> <w lemma="a" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">a</w> <w lemma="student" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">student</w> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <w lemma="know" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Inf">know</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="whilst" type="subordinating_conjunction">whilst</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="at" type="preposition">at</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="same" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">same</w> <w lemma="time" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">time</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="there" type="adverb">there</w> <w lemma="exist" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">exist</w> <w lemma="numerous" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">numerous</w> <w lemma="book" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">books</w> <w lemma="contain" type="verb" msd="Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part">containing</w> <w lemma="information" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">informa-<lb break="no"/>tion</w> <w lemma="too" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">too</w> <w lemma="important" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">important</w> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Inf">be</w> <w lemma="omit" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">omitted</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="thus" type="adverb">Thus</w> <bibl xml:id="bibl-2" xml:lang="eng" type="dictionary"><author><persName><w lemma="Richardson" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Richardson</w></persName></author><w lemma="'s" type="particle">’s</w> <title><w lemma="dictionary" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Dictionary</w></title></bibl> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="an" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">an</w> <w lemma="admirable" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">admirable</w> <w lemma="storehouse" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing" ana="#usage-metaphor">store-house</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w><lb/> <w lemma="quotation" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">quotations</w> <w lemma="illustrate" type="verb" msd="Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part">illustrating</w> <w lemma="such" type="determiner">such</w> <w lemma="word" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">words</w> <w lemma="as" type="subordinating_conjunction">as</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">are</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="no" type="determiner" msd="Polarity=Neg">no</w> <w lemma="great" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">great</w> <w lemma="antiquity" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">antiquity</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="language" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">language</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="his" type="pronoun" msd="Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs">his</w> <w lemma="selected" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">selected</w><lb/> <w lemma="example" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">examples</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">are</w> <w lemma="the" type="adverb" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="more" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Cmp">more</w> <w lemma="valuable" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">valuable</w> <w lemma="from" type="preposition">from</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="fact" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">fact</w> <w lemma="that" type="subordinating_conjunction">that</w> <w lemma="he" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">he</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="general" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">general</w> <w lemma="add" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">adds</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="exact" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">exact</w> <w lemma="reference" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">reference</w><hi rend="superscript"><num value="1"><w lemma="1" type="number" msd="NumType=Card">1</w></num></hi><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="Todd" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Todd’s</w><lb/> <bibl xml:id="bibl-3" xml:lang="eng" type="dictionary"><title><w lemma="Johnson" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Johnson</w></title></bibl> <w lemma="likewise" type="adverb">likewise</w> <w lemma="contain" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">contains</w> <w lemma="numerous" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">numerous</w> <w lemma="well-chosen" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">well-chosen</w> <w lemma="quotation" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">quotations</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="but" type="coordinating_conjunction">but</w> <w lemma="perhaps" type="adverb">perhaps</w> <w lemma="no" type="determiner" msd="Polarity=Neg">no</w> <w lemma="greater" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Cmp">greater</w> <w lemma="mistake" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">mistake</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">was</w> <w lemma="ever" type="adverb">ever</w><lb/> <w lemma="make" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">made</w> <w lemma="than" type="subordinating_conjunction">than</w> <w lemma="that" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Dem">that</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="cite" type="verb" msd="Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part">citing</w> <w lemma="from" type="preposition">from</w> <w lemma="author" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">authors</w> <w lemma="like" type="preposition">like</w> <pc>‘</pc><persName><w lemma="Dryden" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Dryden</w></persName><pc>’</pc> <w lemma="or" type="coordinating_conjunction">or</w> <pc>‘</pc><persName><w lemma="Addison" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Addison</w></persName><pc>’</pc> <w lemma="at" type="preposition">at</w> <w lemma="large" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">large</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="without" type="preposition">without</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="slightest" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Sup">slightest</w> <w lemma="hint" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">hint</w><lb/> <w lemma="as" type="preposition">as</w> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">to</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="whereabouts" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">whereabouts</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="context" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">context</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="but" type="coordinating_conjunction">But</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="both" type="determiner">both</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="these" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Plur|PronType=Dem">these</w> <w lemma="work" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">works</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="etymology" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">etymology</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="commonly" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">commonly</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w><lb/> <w lemma="poorest" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Sup">poorest</w> <w lemma="description" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">description</w> <pc>;</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">it</w> <w lemma="would" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">would</w> <w lemma="probably" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">probably</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Inf">be</w> <w lemma="difficult" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">difficult</w> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <w lemma="find" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Inf">find</w> <w lemma="a" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">a</w> <w lemma="worse" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Cmp">worse</w> <w lemma="philologist" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">philologist</w> <w lemma="than" type="subordinating_conjunction">than</w> <persName><w lemma="Richardson" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Richardson</w></persName><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="who" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Rel">who</w><lb/> <w lemma="adopt" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">adopted</w> <w lemma="many" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">many</w> <w lemma="suggestion" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">suggestions</w> <w lemma="from" type="preposition">from</w> <persName><w lemma="Horne" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Horne</w> <w lemma="Tooke" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Tooke</w></persName> <w lemma="without" type="preposition">without</w> <w lemma="inquiry" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">inquiry</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">was</w> <w lemma="capable" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">capable</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="say" type="verb" msd="Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part">saying</w> <w lemma="that" type="subordinating_conjunction">that</w> <mentioned xml:lang="ang"><w lemma="heafan" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part"><hi rend="italic">hod</hi></w></mentioned> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w><lb/> <pc>‘</pc><w lemma="perhaps" type="adverb">perhaps</w> <mentioned xml:lang="ang"><w lemma="heafan" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part"><hi rend="italic">hoved</hi></w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned xml:lang="ang"><w lemma="heafan" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part"><hi rend="italic">hov’d</hi></w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <mentioned xml:lang="ang"><w lemma="heafan" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part"><hi rend="italic">hod</hi></w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="past" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">past</w> <w lemma="participle" type="noun" msd="Abbr=Yes|Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>part.</abbr><expan>participle</expan></choice></w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <mentioned xml:lang="ang"><w lemma="heafan" type="verb"><hi rend="italic">heafan</hi></w></mentioned> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <mentioned><w lemma="heave" type="verb">heave</w></mentioned><pc>.</pc><pc>’</pc> <w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">It</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="easily" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">easily</w> <w lemma="ascertain" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">ascertained</w> <w lemma="that" type="subordinating_conjunction">that</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="Anglo-Saxon" type="proper_noun" msd="Abbr=Yes|Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>AS.</abbr><expan>Anglo-Saxon</expan></choice></w> <w lemma="for" type="preposition">for</w><lb/> <hi style="word-spacing:0.09em"><mentioned><w lemma="heave" type="verb"><hi rend="italic">heave</hi></w></mentioned> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <mentioned xml:lang="ang"><w lemma="hebban" type="verb"><hi rend="italic">hebban</hi></w></mentioned><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="that" type="subordinating_conjunction">that</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part">being</w> <w lemma="a" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">a</w> <w lemma="strong" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">strong</w> <w lemma="verb" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">verb</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="its" type="pronoun" msd="Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs">its</w> <w lemma="past" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">past</w> <w lemma="participle" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">participle</w> <w lemma="do" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">did</w> <w lemma="not" type="particle" msd="Polarity=Neg">not</w> <w lemma="originally" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">originally</w> <w lemma="end" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Inf">end</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <mentioned><m type="suffix" lemma="-ed"><hi rend="italic">-ed</hi></m></mentioned><pc>.</pc></hi><lb/> </s> </p> <p rend="align(justify)" part="I"> <s ana="#autonomy-0"> <w lemma="it" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs">It</w> <w lemma="would" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">would</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="VerbForm=Inf">be</w> <w lemma="tedious" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">tedious</w> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <w lemma="mention" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Inf">mention</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="numerous" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">numerous</w> <w lemma="other" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">other</w> <w lemma="book" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">books</w> <w lemma="which" type="pronoun" msd="PronType=Rel">which</w> <w lemma="help" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">help</w> <w lemma="to" type="particle">to</w> <w lemma="throw" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Inf" ana="#usage-metaphor">throw</w> <w lemma="such" type="determiner">such</w> <w lemma="light" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing" ana="#usage-metaphor">light</w> <w lemma="on" type="preposition">on</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w><lb/> <w lemma="history" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><hi rend="italic">history</hi></w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="word" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">words</w> <w lemma="as" type="subordinating_conjunction">as</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="necessary" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">necessary</w> <w lemma="for" type="preposition">for</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="right" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">right</w> <w lemma="investigation" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">investigation</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="their" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs">their</w> <w lemma="etymology" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">etymology</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">The</w> <w lemma="great" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">great</w> <w lemma="defect" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">defect</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w><lb/> <w lemma="most" type="determiner" msd="Degree=Sup">most</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="they" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs">them</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="that" type="subordinating_conjunction">that</w> <w lemma="they" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs">they</w> <w lemma="do" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">do</w> <w lemma="not" type="particle" msd="Polarity=Neg">not</w> <w lemma="carry" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Inf">carry</w> <w lemma="back" type="adverb">back</w> <w lemma="that" type="determiner" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Dem">that</w> <w lemma="history" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">history</w> <w lemma="far" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">far</w> <w lemma="enough" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">enough</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">are</w> <w lemma="very" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">very</w> <w lemma="weak" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos" ana="#usage-metaphor">weak</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="highly" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">highly</w><lb/> <w lemma="important" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">important</w> <w lemma="Middle-English" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">Middle-English</w> <w lemma="period" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">period</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="but" type="coordinating_conjunction">But</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="publication" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">publications</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <orgName><w lemma="Camden" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Camden</w> <w lemma="society" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Society</w></orgName><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <orgName><w lemma="Early" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Early</w> <w lemma="English" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">English</w></orgName><lb/> </s> </p> </div> <milestone unit="section" rend="rule" rendition="#gap-1"/> <note place="foot" rend="align(justify)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;column-gap:1.726em" rendition="#size-1 #leading-1 #indent-1"> <cb/> <s ana="#autonomy-1"><hi rend="superscript"><num value="1"><w lemma="1" type="number" msd="NumType=Card">1</w></num></hi> <w lemma="I" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs">I</w> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">have</w> <w lemma="verify" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">verified</w> <w lemma="a" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">a</w> <w lemma="large" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">large</w> <w lemma="number" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">number</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="these" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Plur|PronType=Dem">these</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="where" type="subordinating_conjunction">Where</w> <w lemma="I" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs">I</w> <w lemma="could" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">could</w> <w lemma="not" type="particle" msd="Polarity=Neg">not</w><lb/> <w lemma="conveniently" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">conveniently</w> <w lemma="do" type="verb" msd="VerbForm=Inf">do</w> <w lemma="so" type="adverb">so</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="I" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs">I</w> <w lemma="have" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">have</w> <w lemma="add" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">added</w> <pc>‘</pc><pc>(</pc><w lemma="R" type="proper_noun" msd="Abbr=Yes">R</w><pc>.</pc><pc>)</pc><pc>’</pc> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="parenthesis" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">parentheses</w> <w lemma="at" type="preposition">at</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="end" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">end</w><lb/> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="reference" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">reference</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="I" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs">I</w> <w lemma="find" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin">found</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">to</w> <w lemma="my" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs">my</w> <w lemma="surprise" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">surprise</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="that" type="subordinating_conjunction">that</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="reference" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">references</w> <w lemma="to" type="preposition">to</w><lb/> <cb/> <persName><w lemma="Chaucer" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Chaucer</w></persName> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">are</w> <w lemma="often" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">often</w> <w lemma="utterly" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">utterly</w> <w lemma="wrong" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">wrong</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="number" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">numbers</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part">being</w> <w lemma="frequently" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">frequently</w><lb/> <hi style="letter-spacing:-0.041em"><w lemma="misprint" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">misprinted</w><pc>.</pc></hi><lb/> </s> </note>AN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGEBY THE REV.Reverend WALTER W. SKEAT, LITT.D.Doctor of Letters, D.C.L.Doctor of Civil Law, LL.D.Doctor of Laws, PH.D.Doctor of Philosophy, F.B.A.Fellow of the British Academy ELRINGTON AND BOSWORTH PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE AND FELLOW OF CHRIST’S COLLEGENEW EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED‘Step after step the ladder is ascended.’GEORGE HERBERT, Jacula Prudentum.‘Labour with what zeal we will,Something still remains undone.’LONGFELLOW, Birds of Passage.OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1910This is the property of Southern Evangelical Seminary 3000 Tilley Morris Rd.Road, Matthews, NC 28105<pb n="5"/> <titlePage> <docTitle rend="align(center)"> <titlePart type="main" rend="align(center)"> <bibl xml:id="bibl-3" xml:lang="eng" type="dictionary"><title><s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi rend="spaced smaller"><w lemma="an" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">AN</w></hi><lb/> <hi rend="larger"><w lemma="etymological" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">ETYMOLOGICAL</w> <w lemma="dictionary" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">DICTIONARY</w></hi><lb/> <hi rend="spaced smaller"><w lemma="of" type="preposition">OF</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w></hi><lb/> <hi rend="larger"><w lemma="English" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">ENGLISH</w> <w lemma="language" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">LANGUAGE</w></hi></s><lb/></title></bibl> </titlePart> </docTitle> <space dim="vertical" quantity="3" unit="lines"/> <byline rend="align(center)"> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi rend="spaced smaller"><w lemma="by" type="preposition">BY</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w></hi></s><lb/> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><docAuthor><w lemma="reverend" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos"><choice><abbr>REV.</abbr><expan>Reverend</expan></choice></w> <persName><w lemma="Walter" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">WALTER</w> <w lemma="W" type="letter">W</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="Skeat" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">SKEAT</w></persName></docAuthor><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="Litt.D." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>L<hi rend="smallcaps">ITT</hi>.D.</abbr><expan>Doctor of Letters</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="D.C.L." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>D.C.L.</abbr><expan>Doctor of Civil Law</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="LL.D." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>LL.D.</abbr><expan>Doctor of Laws</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="Ph.D." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>P<hi rend="smallcaps">H</hi>.D.</abbr><expan>Doctor of Philosophy</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="F.B.A." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>F.B.A.</abbr><expan>Fellow of the British Academy</expan></choice></w></s><lb/> <hi rend="smallcaps smaller"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="Elrington" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">ELRINGTON</w> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">AND</w> <w lemma="Bosworth" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">BOSWORTH</w> <w lemma="professor" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">PROFESSOR</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">OF</w> <w lemma="Anglo-Saxon" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">ANGLO-SAXON</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">IN</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w> <orgName><w lemma="university" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">UNIVERSITY</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">OF</w> <placeName><w lemma="Cambridge" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">CAMBRIDGE</w></placeName></orgName><lb/> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">AND</w> <w lemma="fellow" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">FELLOW</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">OF</w> <orgName><w lemma="Christ's" type="proper_noun" msd="Case=Gen|Number=Sing">CHRIST’S</w> <w lemma="college" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">COLLEGE</w></orgName></s></hi><lb/> </byline> <space dim="vertical" quantity="3" unit="lines"/> <docEdition rend="align(center)"> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi rend="spaced smaller"><w lemma="new" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">NEW</w> <w lemma="edition" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">EDITION</w> <w lemma="revise" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">REVISED</w> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">AND</w> <w lemma="enlarge" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">ENLARGED</w></hi></s><lb/> </docEdition> <space dim="vertical" quantity="3" unit="lines"/> <epigraph rend="align(center) smaller"> <cit> <quote> <lg> <l rend="align(left)"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><pc>‘</pc><w lemma="step" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Step</w> <w lemma="after" type="preposition">after</w> <w lemma="step" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">step</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="ladder" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">ladder</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="ascend" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">ascended</w><pc>.</pc><pc>’</pc></s><lb/></l> </lg> </quote> <bibl xml:id="bibl-1" xml:lang="eng" type="poem" rend="align(right)"><s type="citation" ana="#autonomy-0"><author><persName><hi rend="smallcaps"><w lemma="George" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">GEORGE</w> <w lemma="Herbert" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">HERBERT</w></hi></persName></author><pc>,</pc> <title xml:lang="lat"><hi rend="italic"><w lemma="jaculum" type="noun" xml:lang="lat" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Plur">Jacula</w> <w lemma="prudens" type="adjective" xml:lang="lat" msd="Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur">Prudentum</w></hi></title><pc>.</pc></s><lb/></bibl> </cit> </epigraph> <epigraph rend="align(center) smaller"> <cit> <quote> <lg> <l rend="align(left)"><s part="I" ana="#autonomy-0"><pc>‘</pc><w lemma="labour" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">Labour</w> <w lemma="with" type="preposition">with</w> <w lemma="what" type="determiner" msd="PronType=Int">what</w> <w lemma="zeal" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">zeal</w> <w lemma="we" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs">we</w> <w lemma="will" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">will</w><pc>,</pc></s><lb/></l> <l rend="align(left) indent(1)"><s part="F"><w lemma="something" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Ind">Something</w> <w lemma="still" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">still</w> <w lemma="remain" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">remains</w> <w lemma="undone" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">undone</w><pc>.</pc><pc>’</pc></s><lb/></l> </lg> </quote> <bibl xml:id="bibl-2" xml:lang="eng" type="poem" rend="align(right)"><s type="citation" ana="#autonomy-0"><author><persName><hi rend="smallcaps"><w lemma="Longfellow" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">LONGFELLOW</w></hi></persName></author><pc>,</pc> <title><hi rend="italic"><w lemma="bird" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">Birds</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="passage" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Passage</w></hi></title><pc>.</pc></s><lb/></bibl> </cit> </epigraph> <space dim="vertical" quantity="6" unit="lines"/> <docImprint rend="align(center)"> <pubPlace><hi rend="spaced smaller"><w lemma="Oxford" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">OXFORD</w></hi></pubPlace><lb/> <publisher><hi rend="spaced"><w lemma="at" type="preposition">AT</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w> <w lemma="Clarendon" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">CLARENDON</w> <w lemma="press" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">PRESS</w></hi></publisher><lb/> <docDate when="1910"><hi rend="smaller"><w lemma="1910" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">1910</w></hi></docDate><lb/> </docImprint> </titlePage> <note type="provenance" rend="align(center)"> <stamp rend="color(blue)"> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="this" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Dem">This</w> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="property" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">property</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w><lb/> <orgName><hi rend="larger"><w lemma="Southern" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Southern</w> <w lemma="Evangelical" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Evangelical</w> <w lemma="Seminary" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Seminary</w></hi></orgName></s><lb/> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi rend="smaller"><w lemma="3000" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">3000</w> <w lemma="Tilley" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Tilley</w> <w lemma="Morris" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Morris</w> <w lemma="road" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>Rd.</abbr><expan>Road</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <placeName><w lemma="Matthews" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Matthews</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="NC" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">NC</w></placeName> <w lemma="28105" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">28105</w></hi></s><lb/> </stamp> </note>Diff:<pb n="5"/><titlePage><docTitle rend="align(center)"><titlePart type="main" rend="align(center)"><bibl xml:id="bibl-3" xml:lang="eng" type="dictionary"><title><s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi rend="spaced smaller"><w lemma="an" type="article" msd="Definite=Ind|PronType=Art">AN</w></hi><lb/><hi rend="larger"><w lemma="etymological" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">ETYMOLOGICAL</w> <w lemma="dictionary" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">DICTIONARY</w></hi><lb/><hi rend="spaced smaller"><w lemma="of" type="preposition">OF</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w></hi><lb/><hi rend="larger"><w lemma="English" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">ENGLISH</w> <w lemma="language" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">LANGUAGE</w></hi></s><lb/></title></bibl></titlePart></docTitle><space dim="vertical" quantity="3" unit="lines"/><byline rend="align(center)"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi rend="spaced smaller"><w lemma="by" type="preposition">BY</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w></hi></s><lb/><s ana="#autonomy-0"><docAuthor><w lemma="reverend" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos"><choice><abbr>REV.</abbr><expan>Reverend</expan></choice></w> <persName><w lemma="Walter" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">WALTER</w> <w lemma="W" type="letter">W</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="Skeat" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">SKEAT</w></persName></docAuthor><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="Litt.D." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>L<hi rend="smallcaps">ITT</hi>.D.</abbr><expan>Doctor of Letters</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="D.C.L." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>D.C.L.</abbr><expan>Doctor of Civil Law</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="LL.D." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>LL.D.</abbr><expan>Doctor of Laws</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="Ph.D." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>P<hi rend="smallcaps">H</hi>.D.</abbr><expan>Doctor of Philosophy</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="F.B.A." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>F.B.A.</abbr><expan>Fellow of the British Academy</expan></choice></w></s><lb/><hi rend="smallcaps smaller"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="Elrington" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">ELRINGTON</w> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">AND</w> <w lemma="Bosworth" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">BOSWORTH</w> <w lemma="professor" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">PROFESSOR</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">OF</w> <w lemma="Anglo-Saxon" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">ANGLO-SAXON</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">IN</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w> <orgName><w lemma="university" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">UNIVERSITY</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">OF</w> <placeName><w lemma="Cambridge" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">CAMBRIDGE</w></placeName></orgName><lb/><w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">AND</w> <w lemma="fellow" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">FELLOW</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">OF</w> <orgName><w lemma="Christ's" type="proper_noun" msd="Case=Gen|Number=Sing">CHRIST’S</w> <w lemma="college" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">COLLEGE</w></orgName></s></hi><lb/></byline><space dim="vertical" quantity="3" unit="lines"/><docEdition rend="align(center)"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi rend="spaced smaller"><w lemma="new" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">NEW</w> <w lemma="edition" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">EDITION</w> <w lemma="revise" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">REVISED</w> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">AND</w> <w lemma="enlarge" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">ENLARGED</w></hi></s><lb/></docEdition><space dim="vertical" quantity="3" unit="lines"/><epigraph rend="align(center) smaller"><cit><quote><lg><l rend="align(left)"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><pc>‘</pc><w lemma="step" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Step</w> <w lemma="after" type="preposition">after</w> <w lemma="step" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">step</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="ladder" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">ladder</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="ascend" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">ascended</w><pc>.</pc><pc>’</pc></s><lb/></l></lg></quote><bibl xml:id="bibl-1" xml:lang="eng" type="poem" rend="align(right)"><s type="citation" ana="#autonomy-0"><author><persName><hi rend="smallcaps"><w lemma="George" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">GEORGE</w> <w lemma="Herbert" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">HERBERT</w></hi></persName></author><pc>,</pc> <title xml:lang="lat"><hi rend="italic"><w lemma="jaculum" type="noun" xml:lang="lat" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Plur">Jacula</w> <w lemma="prudens" type="adjective" xml:lang="lat" msd="Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur">Prudentum</w></hi></title><pc>.</pc></s><lb/></bibl></cit></epigraph><epigraph rend="align(center) smaller"><cit><quote><lg><l rend="align(left)"><s part="I" ana="#autonomy-0"><pc>‘</pc><w lemma="labour" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">Labour</w> <w lemma="with" type="preposition">with</w> <w lemma="what" type="determiner" msd="PronType=Int">what</w> <w lemma="zeal" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">zeal</w> <w lemma="we" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs">we</w> <w lemma="will" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">will</w><pc>,</pc></s><lb/></l><l rend="align(left) indent(1)"><s part="F"><w lemma="something" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Ind">Something</w> <w lemma="still" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">still</w> <w lemma="remain" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">remains</w> <w lemma="undone" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">undone</w><pc>.</pc><pc>’</pc></s><lb/></l></lg></quote><bibl xml:id="bibl-2" xml:lang="eng" type="poem" rend="align(right)"><s type="citation" ana="#autonomy-0"><author><persName><hi rend="smallcaps"><w lemma="Longfellow" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">LONGFELLOW</w></hi></persName></author><pc>,</pc> <title><hi rend="italic"><w lemma="bird" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">Birds</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="passage" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Passage</w></hi></title><pc>.</pc></s><lb/></bibl></cit></epigraph><space dim="vertical" quantity="6" unit="lines"/><docImprint rend="align(center)"><pubPlace><hi rend="spaced smaller"><w lemma="Oxford" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">OXFORD</w></hi></pubPlace><lb/><publisher><hi rend="spaced"><w lemma="at" type="preposition">AT</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w> <w lemma="Clarendon" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">CLARENDON</w> <w lemma="press" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">PRESS</w></hi></publisher><lb/><docDate when="1910"><hi rend="smaller"><w lemma="1910" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">1910</w></hi></docDate><lb/></docImprint></titlePage><note type="provenance" rend="align(center)"><stamp> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="this" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Dem">This</w> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="property" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">property</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w><lb/><stamp rend="color(blue)"> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><w lemma="this" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Dem">This</w> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="property" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">property</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w><lb/><orgName><hi rend="larger"><w lemma="Southern" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Southern</w> <w lemma="Evangelical" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Evangelical</w> <w lemma="Seminary" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Seminary</w></hi></orgName></s><lb/><s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi rend="smaller"><w lemma="3000" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">3000</w> <w lemma="Tilley" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Tilley</w> <w lemma="Morris" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Morris</w> <w lemma="road" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>Rd.</abbr><expan>Road</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <placeName><w lemma="Matthews" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Matthews</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="NC" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">NC</w></placeName> <w lemma="28105" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">28105</w></hi></s><lb/></stamp></note>
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Prompts
Arbitration
Arbitration
System Prompt
System Prompt
Task Prompt Template
Task Prompt Template
Variable 1
{evidence}
Variable 2
{metadata}
Variable 3
{query}
Autocompaction
Autocompaction
System Prompt
System Prompt
Task Prompt Template
Task Prompt Template
Variable 1
{transcript}
Explication
Explication
System Prompt
System Prompt
Task Prompt Template
Task Prompt Template
Variable 1
{conventions}
Variable 2
{evidence}
Variable 3
{metadata}
Variable 4
{neighbors}
Autocompaction
Autocompaction
System Prompt
System Prompt
Task Prompt Template
Task Prompt Template
Variable 1
{transcript}