The catalogs and dictionaries that describe the bibliographic and lexicographic items Gnorium records, in the order we turn to them. Look up a work, word, phrase, or affix in any of them from here: the search opens in a new tab. Those whose terms allow it are also read by Gnorium's machines, which cite what they find there as references.
English
- Oxford English Dictionary (subscription)The historical dictionary of English, with dated quotations from Old English to today.
- Middle English Dictionary English from about 1100 to 1500, quoted from the period's texts.
- Merriam-Webster Present-day American English: senses, pronunciations and first known uses.
Middle English
- Oxford English Dictionary (subscription)The historical dictionary of English, with dated quotations from Old English to today.
- Middle English Dictionary English from about 1100 to 1500, quoted from the period's texts.
Old English
- Dictionary of Old English (subscription)English before about 1150, from the whole surviving record.
- Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Old English, in the nineteenth-century dictionary and its supplements.
Italian
- Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca The five historical editions (1612–1923) of the Accademia della Crusca's Italian dictionary.
- Tommaseo-Bellini Italian of the nineteenth century and before, with literary quotations.
- Grande dizionario della lingua italiana Italian from its beginnings to the twentieth century, with literary quotations.
- Vocabolario Treccani Present-day Italian.
German
- Deutsches Wörterbuch (Grimm) German from the fifteenth century on, the Brothers Grimm's historical dictionary.
- DWDS German, past and present, with evidence from its corpora.
- Duden Present-day German: spelling, meanings and usage.
French
- Dictionnaire de l'Académie française French as the Académie française defines it, across its nine editions.
- Trésor de la langue française informatisé French of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with etymologies and quotations.
- Littré French of the nineteenth century and before, with historical quotations.
Latin
- Lewis & Short Classical and later Latin.
- Logeion Latin and Ancient Greek, many dictionaries looked up at once.
Ancient Greek
- Liddell-Scott-Jones Ancient Greek, the standard lexicon.
- Logeion Latin and Ancient Greek, many dictionaries looked up at once.
Spanish
- Diccionario de la lengua española Present-day Spanish, as the Real Academia Española defines it.
Hindi
- Platts, A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English Urdu and Classical Hindi, in Platts's dictionary of 1884.
- McGregor, The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary Present-day Hindi.
- Bahri, Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary Present-day Hindi, for learners.
Urdu
- Platts, A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English Urdu and Classical Hindi, in Platts's dictionary of 1884.
Sanskrit
- Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary Sanskrit, the standard nineteenth-century dictionary.
- Apte Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary Sanskrit, with its classical usage.
Open data
- English Wiktionary Words in every language, described in English and written by its users.
- Italian Wiktionary Words in every language, described in Italian and written by its users.
- German Wiktionary Words in every language, described in German and written by its users.
- French Wiktionary Words in every language, described in French and written by its users.
- Latin Wiktionary Words in every language, described in Latin and written by its users.
- Spanish Wiktionary Words in every language, described in Spanish and written by its users.
- Hindi Wiktionary Words in every language, described in Hindi and written by its users.
- Urdu Wiktionary Words in every language, described in Urdu and written by its users.
- Sanskrit Wiktionary Words in every language, described in Sanskrit and written by its users.
- Wikidata Open, structured data on the words of every language.