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An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language

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Testaments

1 New edition revised and enlarged AD 1910 8BE3D3E5-136A-402D-8724-34413A377FE1

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1.1 Internet Archive AD 2025 3DAA052D-74DD-4762-9F8A-A6306824730B

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ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

BY THE

REV. WALTER W. SKEAT, Litt.D., D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D., F.B.A.

elrington and bosworth professor of anglo-saxon in the university of cambridge and fellow of christ’s college

NEW EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED

‘Step after step the ladder is ascended.’

George Herbert, Jacula Prudentum.

‘Labour with what zeal we will,

Something still remains undone.’

Longfellow, Birds of Passage.

OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1910

This is the property of Southern Evangelical Seminary 3000 Tilley Morris Rd., Matthews, NC 28105

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ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

BY THE

REV. WALTER W. SKEAT, Litt.D., D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D., F.B.A.

elrington and bosworth professor of anglo-saxon in the university of cambridge and fellow of christ’s college

NEW EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED

‘Step after step the ladder is ascended.’

George Herbert, Jacula Prudentum.

‘Labour with what zeal we will,

Something still remains undone.’

Longfellow, Birds of Passage.

OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1910

This is the property of Southern Evangelical Seminary 3000 Tilley Morris Rd., Matthews, NC 28105

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        <docImprint rend="align(center)" rendition="#size-2 #leading-2">
<pubPlace><hi style="letter-spacing:0.187em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><w lemma="Oxford" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">OXFORD</w></hi></pubPlace><lb/>
<publisher><hi style="letter-spacing:0.186em;word-spacing:0.2em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><w lemma="at" type="preposition">AT</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w> <w lemma="Clarendon" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">CLARENDON</w> <w lemma="press" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">PRESS</w></hi></publisher><lb/>
        </docImprint>
        <docDate when="1910" rend="align(center)" style="font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><w lemma="1910" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">1910</w><lb/></docDate>
      </titlePage>
      <note type="provenance" place="bottom" style="margin-block-start:-0.96em;margin-inline-start:15.28em">
<stamp rend="align(center) script color(blue)" style="line-height:1.73"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi style="font-size:0.85em"><w lemma="this" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Dem">This</w> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="property" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">property</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w></hi><lb/>
<hi style="font-size:1.09em"><orgName><w lemma="Southern" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Southern</w> <w lemma="Evangelical" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Evangelical</w> <w lemma="Seminary" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Seminary</w></orgName></hi></s><lb/>
<s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi style="font-size:0.85em"><w lemma="3000" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">3000</w> <w lemma="Tilley" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Tilley</w> <w lemma="Morris" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Morris</w> <w lemma="road" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>Rd.</abbr><expan>Road</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <placeName><w lemma="Matthews" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Matthews</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="NC" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">NC</w></placeName> <w lemma="28105" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">28105</w></hi></s><lb/>
</stamp>
      </note>

Diff:

<space dim="vertical" quantity="4.707" unit="em"/> <hi style="letter-spacing:0.137em;word-spacing:0.2em" rendition="#size-6 #leading-6"><w lemma="etymological" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">ETYMOLOGICAL</w> <w lemma="dictionary" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">DICTIONARY</w></hi><lb/>

<space dim="vertical" quantity="3.138" unit="em"/> <hi style="letter-spacing:0.137em;word-spacing:0.3em" rendition="#size-6 #leading-6"><w lemma="English" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">ENGLISH</w> <w lemma="language" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">LANGUAGE</w></hi></s><lb/></title></bibl>

</titlePart>

</docTitle>

<space dim="vertical" quantity="1.569" unit="em"/> <s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi style="letter-spacing:0.035em;word-spacing:0.15em" rendition="#size-4 #leading-4"><docAuthor><w lemma="reverend" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos"><choice><abbr>REV.</abbr><expan>Reverend</expan></choice></w> <persName><w lemma="Walter" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">WALTER</w> <w lemma="W" type="letter">W</w><pc>.</pc> <w lemma="Skeat" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">SKEAT</w></persName></docAuthor><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="Litt.D." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>L<hi rend="smallcaps">itt</hi>.D.</abbr><expan>Doctor of Letters</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="D.C.L." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>D.C.L.</abbr><expan>Doctor of Civil Law</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="LL.D." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>LL.D.</abbr><expan>Doctor of Laws</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="Ph.D." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>P<hi rend="smallcaps">h</hi>.D.</abbr><expan>Doctor of Philosophy</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="F.B.A." type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>F.B.A.</abbr><expan>Fellow of the British Academy</expan></choice></w></hi></s><lb/>

</byline>

<s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi rend="smallcaps" style="letter-spacing:0.036em;word-spacing:0.2em" rendition="#size-2 #leading-2"><w lemma="Elrington" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">elrington</w> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="Bosworth" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">bosworth</w> <w lemma="professor" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">professor</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="Anglo-Saxon" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">anglo-saxon</w> <w lemma="in" type="preposition">in</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <orgName><w lemma="university" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">university</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <placeName><w lemma="Cambridge" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">cambridge</w></placeName></orgName></hi><lb/>

<hi rend="smallcaps" style="letter-spacing:0.036em;word-spacing:0.2em" rendition="#size-2 #leading-2"><w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">and</w> <w lemma="fellow" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">fellow</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <orgName><w lemma="Christ's" type="proper_noun" msd="Case=Gen|Number=Sing">christ’s</w> <w lemma="college" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">college</w></orgName></hi></s><lb/>

</byline>

<s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi style="letter-spacing:0.082em;word-spacing:0.3em" rendition="#size-2 #leading-2"><w lemma="new" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">NEW</w> <w lemma="edition" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">EDITION</w> <w lemma="revise" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">REVISED</w> <w lemma="and" type="coordinating_conjunction">AND</w> <w lemma="enlarge" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part">ENLARGED</w></hi></s><lb/>

</docEdition>

<lg>

<l rend="align(left)" rendition="#size-2 #leading-2" style="margin-inline-start:16.2421em"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><pc>‘</pc><w lemma="step" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Step</w> <w lemma="after" type="preposition">after</w> <w lemma="step" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">step</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="ladder" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">ladder</w> <w lemma="be" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="ascend" type="verb" msd="Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass">ascended</w><pc>.</pc><pc>’</pc></s><lb/></l>

</lg>

</quote>

<bibl xml:id="bibl-1" xml:lang="eng" type="poem" rend="align(left)" style="margin-inline-start:32.4721em" rendition="#size-1 #leading-1"><s type="citation" ana="#autonomy-0"><author><persName><hi rend="smallcaps"><w lemma="George" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">George</w> <w lemma="Herbert" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Herbert</w></hi></persName></author><pc>,</pc> <title xml:lang="lat"><hi rend="italic"><w lemma="jaculum" type="noun" xml:lang="lat" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Plur">Jacula</w> <w lemma="prudens" type="adjective" xml:lang="lat" msd="Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur">Prudentum</w></hi></title><pc>.</pc></s><lb/></bibl>

</cit>

<lg>

<l rend="align(left)" rendition="#size-2 #leading-2" style="margin-inline-start:16.2421em"><s part="I" ana="#autonomy-0"><pc>‘</pc><w lemma="labour" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">Labour</w> <w lemma="with" type="preposition">with</w> <w lemma="what" type="determiner" msd="PronType=Int">what</w> <w lemma="zeal" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">zeal</w> <w lemma="we" type="pronoun" msd="Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs">we</w> <w lemma="will" type="auxiliary" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">will</w><pc>,</pc></s><lb/></l>

<l rend="align(left)" style="margin-inline-start:17.7522em" rendition="#size-2 #leading-2"><s part="F"><w lemma="something" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Ind">Something</w> <w lemma="still" type="adverb" msd="Degree=Pos">still</w> <w lemma="remain" type="verb" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">remains</w> <w lemma="undone" type="adjective" msd="Degree=Pos">undone</w><pc>.</pc><pc>’</pc></s><lb/></l>

</lg>

</quote>

<bibl xml:id="bibl-2" xml:lang="eng" type="poem" rend="align(left)" style="margin-inline-start:32.4721em" rendition="#size-1 #leading-1"><s type="citation" ana="#autonomy-0"><author><persName><hi rend="smallcaps"><w lemma="Longfellow" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Longfellow</w></hi></persName></author><pc>,</pc> <title><hi rend="italic"><w lemma="bird" type="noun" msd="Number=Plur">Birds</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w> <w lemma="passage" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">Passage</w></hi></title><pc>.</pc></s><lb/></bibl>

</cit>

</epigraph>

<pubPlace><hi style="letter-spacing:0.187em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><w lemma="Oxford" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">OXFORD</w></hi></pubPlace><lb/>

<publisher><hi style="letter-spacing:0.186em;word-spacing:0.2em" rendition="#size-3 #leading-3"><w lemma="at" type="preposition">AT</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">THE</w> <w lemma="Clarendon" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">CLARENDON</w> <w lemma="press" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">PRESS</w></hi></publisher><lb/>

</docImprint>

</titlePage>

<stamp rend="align(center) script color(blue)" style="line-height:1.73"><s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi style="font-size:0.85em"><w lemma="this" type="pronoun" msd="Number=Sing|PronType=Dem">This</w> <w lemma="be" type="copula" msd="Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin">is</w> <w lemma="the" type="article" msd="Definite=Def|PronType=Art">the</w> <w lemma="property" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing">property</w> <w lemma="of" type="preposition">of</w></hi><lb/>

<hi style="font-size:1.09em"><orgName><w lemma="Southern" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Southern</w> <w lemma="Evangelical" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Evangelical</w> <w lemma="Seminary" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Seminary</w></orgName></hi></s><lb/>

<s ana="#autonomy-0"><hi style="font-size:0.85em"><w lemma="3000" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">3000</w> <w lemma="Tilley" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Tilley</w> <w lemma="Morris" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Morris</w> <w lemma="road" type="noun" msd="Number=Sing"><choice><abbr>Rd.</abbr><expan>Road</expan></choice></w><pc>,</pc> <placeName><w lemma="Matthews" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">Matthews</w><pc>,</pc> <w lemma="NC" type="proper_noun" msd="Number=Sing">NC</w></placeName> <w lemma="28105" type="numeral" msd="NumType=Card">28105</w></hi></s><lb/>

</stamp>

</note>

Prompts

Locutions

gnorium submitted antiphon 06D508BE-0EC9-40C0-9788-82BAF52788CA creating madrigal ED3223D1-B425-43D6-90A3-08C47AB779FD 4d ago

madhavik suggested revision 6F5D586B-2FF8-4437-BB58-4F9053A80B08 +1 −1 3d ago

Changed ExplicationSystem Prompt.

madhavik evaluated revision 6F5D586B-2FF8-4437-BB58-4F9053A80B08 as accepted 3d ago

madhavik suggested revision 6EEA9BEA-00DE-45C7-A8AD-EF0FA0BF3379 +58 −52 3d ago

Changed 1.1. Internet Archive5XML and ExplicationSystem Prompt.

madhavik evaluated revision 6EEA9BEA-00DE-45C7-A8AD-EF0FA0BF3379 as accepted 3d ago

madhavik suggested revision D819F116-17AF-4958-B251-B951C010A921 +3 −3 3d ago

Changed ExplicationSystem Prompt.

madhavik evaluated revision D819F116-17AF-4958-B251-B951C010A921 as accepted 3d ago

madhavik suggested revision 66B4F371-2604-4044-8F7E-9FC3A6CC96EC +1 −1 3d ago

Changed 1.1. Internet Archive5XML.

madhavik evaluated revision 66B4F371-2604-4044-8F7E-9FC3A6CC96EC as accepted 3d ago

madhavik suggested revision 3C806F41-5165-4EE1-A9DF-F3DBFB650F1B +2 −2 3d ago

Changed ExplicationSystem Prompt.

madhavik evaluated revision 3C806F41-5165-4EE1-A9DF-F3DBFB650F1B as accepted 3d ago

madhavik suggested revision 33D37D49-66BB-48D2-8665-91B562D5C457 +11 −2 2d ago

Changed ExplicationSystem Prompt.

madhavik evaluated revision 33D37D49-66BB-48D2-8665-91B562D5C457 as accepted 2d ago

madhavik suggested revision 1A675D3E-98CD-4397-B6E7-CF5D1A430014 +1 −1 1d ago

Changed ExplicationSystem Prompt.

madhavik evaluated revision 1A675D3E-98CD-4397-B6E7-CF5D1A430014 as accepted 1d ago

madhavik suggested revision 4ABBA154-8447-483E-AFC1-89E9631A6F49 +5 −1 1d ago

Changed ExplicationSystem Prompt.

madhavik evaluated revision 4ABBA154-8447-483E-AFC1-89E9631A6F49 as accepted 1d ago

madhavik suggested revision 218A5165-58F3-41BB-A1A9-E1C697390CBF +30 −1 1d ago

Changed ArbitrationSystem Prompt.

madhavik evaluated revision 218A5165-58F3-41BB-A1A9-E1C697390CBF as accepted 1d ago

madhavik suggested revision 9069F609-1591-4A83-A6A9-DAA8AE1EF89E +120 −49 1d ago

Changed ExplicationSystem Prompt and ExplicationTask Prompt Template.

madhavik evaluated revision 9069F609-1591-4A83-A6A9-DAA8AE1EF89E as accepted 1d ago

madhavik suggested revision 191A4908-4ECE-49F3-AC30-A6BA7DB3859C +2 −2 1d ago

Changed ArbitrationAutocompactionSystem Prompt and ArbitrationAutocompactionTask Prompt Template.

madhavik evaluated revision 191A4908-4ECE-49F3-AC30-A6BA7DB3859C as accepted 1d ago

madhavik suggested revision 2F20F704-26CA-4B27-8300-645667F5329C +7 −6 1d ago

Changed ExplicationAutocompactionSystem Prompt and ExplicationAutocompactionTask Prompt Template.

madhavik evaluated revision 2F20F704-26CA-4B27-8300-645667F5329C as accepted 1d ago

madhavik suggested revision 5331D173-5C25-4A74-A41C-9FCD37818293 +91 −74 11h ago

Changed 1.1. Internet Archive1XML, 1.1. Internet Archive2XML, ArbitrationSystem Prompt, ExplicationSystem Prompt, ExplicationTask Prompt Template, and ExplicationAutocompactionTask Prompt Template.

madhavik evaluated revision 5331D173-5C25-4A74-A41C-9FCD37818293 as accepted 11h ago

madhavik suggested revision 719E4431-8741-4B7D-ABDB-5D2E433D6A46 +144 −121 11h ago

Changed 1.1. Internet Archive3XML, 1.1. Internet Archive4XML, 1.1. Internet Archive5XML, 1.1. Internet Archive6XML, 1.1. Internet Archive7XML, 1.1. Internet Archive8XML, 1.1. Internet Archive9XML, and 1.1. Internet Archive10XML.

madhavik evaluated revision 719E4431-8741-4B7D-ABDB-5D2E433D6A46 as accepted 11h ago

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